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''Synopsis{{Infobox_Contents |topic_name = Pariticiples in Koine Greek |subtopics = [[Koine Greek:'' A participle is a word that has both the properties of a verb and a noun. In English, participles are typically formed by adding '''ing''' to the stem of a verb (for example: eating). In Genitive Absolute|Genitive Absolute]]* [[Koine Greek, participles are formed by adding to and changing the stem of verbs - there are dozens of forms for each word.: Periphrasis|Periphrasis]] |opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |}} ==Lesson==
----__TOC__{{topics}} {{opinions}} ==Main article== A '''participle ''' is a word that has both the properties of a verb and a noun. In English, participles are typically formed by adding '''ing''' to the stem of a verb (for example: eating).
* :''{{greek_verseBible verse|matthew|21|22|lang=Greek}}''* :''{{web_verseBible verse|matthew|21|22|lang=WEB}}''
New Bible verse template
For example, [[Matthew 21:22]] the word '''[[πιστευοντες]]''' is translated as '''believing'''
===Uses===
A participle may be used in either an adjectival or an adverbial sense.
====Adjectival Use====
If the participle has an adjectival function in the sentence, it usually is preceded by a matching definite article (matching in gender, case and number). It may be used either attributively or substantively. When used attributively, it will have a matching noun (matching in gender, case and number).
An adjectival participle is usually translated by adding the word "who" or "which" before the participle. For example
* In [[John 11:27]], '''ο εις τον κοσμον ερχομενος''' can be translated as '''who has come into the world''' (literal: the into the world coming)
:''{{Bible verse|john|11|27|lang=Greek}}''
:''{{Bible verse|john|11|27|lang=WEB}}''
* In [[Galatians 1:23]], ''ο διωκων''' can be translated as '''he who persecuted''' (literal: the persecuting)
:''{{Bible verse|galatians|1|23|lang=Greek}}''
:''{{Bible verse|galatians|1|23|lang=WEB}}''
====Adverbial Use====
If the participle has an adverbial function in the sentence, it will never have a definite article.
An adverbial participle can be translated by adding the word "while" (or "after" if it's tense is Aorist). For example
* In [[Mark 1:5]], '''εξομολογουμενοι''' can be translated as '''while confessing''' (literal: confessing)
:''{{Bible verse|mark|1|5|lang=Greek}}''
:''{{Bible verse|mark|1|5|lang=WEB}}''
===Forms===
From this it can be seen that the aorist participle describes the action having occurred prior to the main verb. So if the main verb is present, then the participle, '''λυσας''' would be translated as past tense.
=====First Aorist=====
If the aorist stem is the same as the present stem, then the verb is a first aorist verb. When forming the participle, the aorist stem is used with a sigma and specific ending added. Note that no augment is added. The following paradigm is used for first aorist verbs.
'''Neuter paradigm'''
=====Second Aorist=====
If the aorist stem is different from the present stem (i.e. the verb is irregular) then the aorist stem is used, but the present endings are used. For example, the verb [[ερχομαι]] (I come) is irregular, with the aorist principle part as [[ηλθον]] (I came). Hence this is a second aorist verb, and the ''aorist, active, nominative, masculine, singular'' form is [[ελθων]] (not ελθσας - which doesn't exist). Note that the augment of '''ηλθον''' is removed in '''ελθων'''.
====Aorist Passive Participle====
The Aorist Passive Participle is formed using the Aorist stem, without an Augment, and adding a '''θ''' plus a specific ending. It is translated as "having been ''verb''+ed".
'''Masculine Paradigm'''
* θεις
* θεντος
* θεντι
* θεντα
* θεντες
* θεντων
* θεισιν
* θεντας
'''Neuter Paradigm'''
'''Feminine Paradigm'''
===[[Koine Greek: Genitive Absolute|Genitive Absolute]]===
When a participle refers to a new subject that is not related to the main verb, then the subject is placed next to the participle in the genitive case.
For example in the sentence "τοῦ δεσπότου κελεύσαντος, οἱ δοῦλοι ἢργαζον" (''after the master has ordered it, the slaves begin to work'') the noun "τοῦ δεσπότου" is in the genitive case showing that it is the subject of κελεύσαντος.
==Quotes==
{{returnto}} [[Koine Greek]]
[[Category:Koine Greek]]
[[Category:Koine Greek:Participles]]
