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Created page with "{{Infobox_Contents | topic_name = Matthew Henry Concise Bible Commentary : 1 Samuel | subtopics = Samuel * King Saul * King David | opinion_pieces = {{short_opinio..."
{{Infobox_Contents |
topic_name = Matthew Henry Concise Bible Commentary : 1 Samuel |
subtopics = [[Samuel]]
* [[King Saul]]
* [[King David]] |
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}
* [[Text:EBD:Samuel, Books of|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Samuel]] |
}}
Read the book of [[1 Samuel]] from the [[Holy Bible|Bible]]
{{chapters}}
[[1 Samuel 1|1]]
[[1 Samuel 2|2]]
[[1 Samuel 3|3]]
[[1 Samuel 4|4]]
[[1 Samuel 5|5]]
[[1 Samuel 6|6]]
[[1 Samuel 7|7]]
[[1 Samuel 8|8]]
[[1 Samuel 9|9]]
[[1 Samuel 10|10]]
[[1 Samuel 11|11]]
[[1 Samuel 12|12]]
[[1 Samuel 13|13]]
[[1 Samuel 14|14]]
[[1 Samuel 15|15]]
[[1 Samuel 16|16]]
[[1 Samuel 17|17]]
[[1 Samuel 18|18]]
[[1 Samuel 19|19]]
[[1 Samuel 20|20]]
[[1 Samuel 21|21]]
[[1 Samuel 22|22]]
[[1 Samuel 23|23]]
[[1 Samuel 24|24]]
[[1 Samuel 25|25]]
[[1 Samuel 26|26]]
[[1 Samuel 27|27]]
[[1 Samuel 28|28]]
[[1 Samuel 29|29]]
[[1 Samuel 30|30]]
[[1 Samuel 31|31]]
==Commentary==
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 1|1]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 2|2]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 3|3]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 4|4]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 5|5]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 6|6]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 7|7]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 8|8]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 9|9]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 10|10]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 11|11]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 12|12]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 13|13]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 14|14]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 15|15]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 16|16]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 17|17]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 18|18]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 19|19]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 20|20]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 21|21]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 22|22]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 23|23]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 24|24]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 25|25]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 26|26]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 27|27]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 28|28]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 29|29]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 30|30]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 31|31]]
{{mhc import}}
'''Commentary on the [[1 Samuel|First Book of Samuel]]'''
In this book we have an account of Eli, and the wickedness of his sons; also of [[Samuel]], his character and actions. Then of the advancement of [[Saul]]to be the king of [[Israel]], and his ill behaviour, until his death made way for [[David]]'s succession to the throne, who was an eminent type of [[Christ]]. [[David]]'s patience, modesty, constancy, persecution by open enemies and feigned friends, are a pattern and example to the [[church]], and to every member of it. Many things in this book encourage the faith, hope, and patience of the suffering [[believer]]. It contains also many useful cautions and awful warnings.
----
'''Chapter''' 1
''Chapter Outline''
Elkanah and his family.
(1-8)
Hannah's [[prayer]].
(9-18)
[[Samuel]], Hannah presents him to the [[Lord]].
(19-28)
'''Verses''' 1-8
Elkanah kept up his attendance at [[God]]'s altar, notwithstanding the unhappy differences in his family. If the devotions of a family prevail not to put an end to its divisions, yet let not the divisions put a stop to the devotions. To abate our just [[love]] to any relation for the sake of any infirmity which they cannot help, and which is their affliction, is to make [[God]]'s providence quarrel with his precept, and very unkindly to add affliction to the afflicted. It is evidence of a base disposition, to delight in grieving those who are of a sorrowful spirit, and in putting those out of humour who are apt to fret and be uneasy. We ought to bear one another's burdens, not add to them. Hannah could not bear the provocation. Those who are of a fretful spirit, and are apt to lay provocations too much to heart, are enemies to themselves, and strip themselves of many comforts both of life and [[godliness]]. We ought to notice comforts, to keep us from grieving for crosses. We should look at that which is for us, as well as what is against us.
'''Verses''' 9-18
Hannah mingled tears with her [[prayer]]s; she considered the [[mercy]] of our [[God]], who knows the troubled soul. [[God]] gives us leave, in [[prayer]], not only to ask good things in general, but to mention that special good thing we most need and desire. She spoke softly, none could hear her. Hereby she testified her belief of [[God]]'s knowledge of the [[heart]] and its desires. Eli was high priest, and judge in [[Israel]]. It ill becomes us to be rash and hasty in censures of others, and to think people guilty of bad things while the matter is doubtful and unproved. Hannah did not retort the charge, and upbraid Eli with the wicked conduct of his own sons. When we are at any time unjustly censured, we have need to set a double watch before the door of our lips, that we do not return censure for censure. Hannah thought it enough to clear herself, and so must we. Eli was willing to acknowledge his mistake. Hannah went away with satisfaction of mind. She had herself by [[prayer]] committed her case to [[God]], and Eli had prayed for her. Prayer is heart's ease to a gracious soul. Prayer will smooth the countenance; it should do so. None will long remain miserable, who use aright the privilege of going to the [[mercy]]-seat of a reconciled [[God]] in [[Jesus Christ|Christ Jesus]].
'''Verses''' 19-28
Elkanah and his family had a journey before them, and a family of [[children]] to take with them, yet they would not move till they had worshipped [[God]] together. Prayer and provender do not hinder a journey. When men are in such haste to set out upon journeys, or to engage in business, that they have not time to [[worship]] [[God]], they are likely to proceed without his presence and blessing. Hannah, though she felt a warm regard for the courts of [[God]]'s house, begged to stay at home. [[God]] will have [[mercy]], and not sacrifice. Those who are detained from public ordinances, by the nursing and tending of little children, may take comfort from this instance, and believe, that if they do that duty in a right spirit, [[God]] will graciously accept them therein. Hannah presented her child to the [[Lord]] with a grateful acknowledgment of his goodness in answer to [[prayer]]. Whatever we give to [[God]], it is what we have first asked and received from him. All our gifts to him were first his gifts to us. The child [[Samuel]] early showed true piety. Little [[children]] should be taught to [[worship]] [[God]] when very young. Their parents should teach them in it, bring them to it, and put them on doing it as well as they can; [[God]] will graciously accept them, and will teach them to do better.
----
'''Chapter''' 2
''Chapter Outline''
Hannah's song of thanksgiving.
(1-10)
The wickedness of Eli's sons, [[Samuel]]'s ministry.
(11-26)
The prophecy against Eli's family.
(27-36)
'''Verses''' 1-10
Hannah's [[heart]] [[rejoice]]d, not in [[Samuel]], but in the [[Lord]]. She looks beyond the gift, and praises the Giver. She [[rejoice]]d in the [[salvation]] of the [[Lord]], and in expectation of His coming, who is the whole [[salvation]] of his people. The strong are soon weakened, and the weak are soon strengthened, when [[God]] pleases. Are we poor? [[God]] made us poor, which is a good reason why we should be content, and make up our minds to our condition. Are we rich? [[God]] made us rich, which is a good reason why we should be thankful, and serve him cheerfully, and do good with the abundance he gives us. He respects not man's wisdom or fancied excellences, but chooses those whom the [[world]] accounts foolish, teaching them to feel their guilt, and to value his free and precious [[salvation]]. This prophecy looks to the kingdom of [[Christ]], that kingdom of grace, of which Hannah speaks, after having spoken largely of the kingdom of providence. And here is the first time that we meet with the name MESSIAH, or his Anointed. The subjects of [[Christ]]'s kingdom will be safe, and the enemies of it will be ruined; for the Anointed, the [[Lord]] [[Christ]], is able to save, and to destroy.
'''Verses''' 11-26
[[Samuel]], being devoted to the [[Lord]] in a special manner, was from a child employed about the sanctuary in the services he was capable of. As he did this with a pious disposition of mind, it was called ministering unto the [[Lord]]. He received a blessing from the [[Lord]]. Those young people who serve [[God]] as well as they can, he will enable to improve, that they may serve him better. Eli shunned trouble and exertion. This led him to indulge his children, without using parental authority to restrain and correct them when young. He winked at the abuses in the service of the sanctuary till they became customs, and led to abominations; and his sons, who should have taught those that engaged in the service of the sanctuary what was good, solicited them to wickedness. Their offence was committed even in offering the sacrifices for sins, which typified the atonement of the [[Saviour]]! Sins against the remedy, the atonement itself, are most dangerous, they tread under foot the blood of the covenant. Eli's reproof was far too mild and gentle. In general, none are more abandoned than the degenerate [[children]] of godly persons, when they break through restraints.
'''Verses''' 27-36
Those who allow their [[children]] in any evil way, and do not use their authority to restrain and punish them, in effect honour them more than [[God]]. Let Eli's example excite parents earnestly to strive against the beginnings of wickedness, and to train up their [[children]] in the nurture and admonition of the [[Lord]]. In the midst of the sentence against the house of Eli, [[mercy]] is promised to [[Israel]]. [[God]]'s work shall never fall to the ground for want of hands to carry it on. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] is that merciful and faithful High Priest, whom [[God]] raised up when the Levitical priesthood was thrown off, who in all things did his Father's mind, and for whom [[God]] will build a sure house, build it on a rock, so that hell cannot prevail against it.
----
'''Chapter''' 3
''Chapter Outline''
The word of the [[Lord]] first revealed to [[Samuel]].
(1-10)
[[God]] tells [[Samuel]] the destruction of Eli's house.
(11-18)
[[Samuel]] established to be a prophet.
(19-21)
'''Verses''' 1-10
The call which [[Divine]] [[grace]] designs shall be made effectual; will be repeated till it is so, till we come to the call. Eli, perceiving that it was the voice of [[God]] that [[Samuel]] heard, instructed him what to say. Though it was a disgrace to Eli, for [[God]]'s call to be directed to [[Samuel]], yet he told him how to meet it. Thus the elder should do their utmost to assist and improve the younger that are rising up. Let us never fail to teach those who are coming after us, even such as will soon be preferred before us, Joh 1:30. Good words should be put into children's mouths betimes, by which they may be prepared to learn [[Divine]] things, and be trained up to regard them.
'''Verses''' 11-18
What a great deal of guilt and corruption is there in us, concerning which we may say, It is the iniquity which our own [[heart]] knoweth; we are conscious to ourselves of it! Those who do not restrain the sins of others, when it is in their power to do it, make themselves partakers of the guilt, and will be charged as joining in it. In his remarkable answer to this awful sentence, Eli acknowledged that the [[Lord]] had a right to do as he saw good, being assured that he would do nothing wrong. The meekness, patience, and humility contained in those words, show that he was truly repentant; he accepted the punishment of his sin.
'''Verses''' 19-21
All increase in wisdom and grace, is owing to the presence of [[God]] with us. [[God]] will graciously repeat his visits to those who receive them aright. Early piety will be the greatest honour of young people. Those who honour [[God]] he will honour. Let young people consider the piety of [[Samuel]], and from him they will learn to remember their Creator in the days of their youth. Young [[children]] are capable of [[religion]]. [[Samuel]] is a proof that their waiting upon the [[Lord]] will be pleasing to him. He is a pattern of all those amiable tempers, which are the brightest ornament of youth, and a sure source of happiness.
----
'''Chapter''' 4
''Chapter Outline''
The [[Israelites]] overcome by the [[Philistines]].
(1-9)
The ark taken.
(10, 11)
The [[death]] of Eli.
(12-18)
The birth of Ichabod.
(19-22)
'''Verses''' 1-9
[[Israel]] is smitten before the [[Philistines]]. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of [[God]] in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his [[heart]] frets against the [[Lord]], Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige [[God]] to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of [[religion]], sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, [[God]]'s throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.
'''Verses''' 10, 11
The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon [[Israel]], and a certain token of [[God]]'s displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of [[God]], under the cloak of outward profession.
'''Verses''' 12-18
The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the [[death]] of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, "The ark of [[God]] is taken," he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be [[peace]].
'''Verses''' 19-22
The wife of Phinehas seems to have been a person of piety. Her dying regret was for the loss of the ark, and the departure of the [[glory]] from [[Israel]]. What is any earthly [[joy]] to her that feels herself dying? No joy but that which is spiritual and divine, will stand in any stead then; [[death]] is too serious a thing to admit the relish of any earthly joy. What is it to one that is lamenting the loss of the ark? What pleasure can we take in our creature comforts and enjoyments, if we want [[God]]'s word and ordinances; especially if we want the comfort of his gracious presence, and the light of his countenance? If [[God]] go, the [[glory]] goes, and all good goes. Woe unto us if he depart! But though the [[glory]] is withdrawn from one sinful nation, city, or village after another, yet it shall never depart altogether, but shines forth in one place when eclipsed in another.
----
'''Chapter''' 5
''Chapter Outline''
Dagon is broken before the ark.
(1-5)
The Philistine smitten.
(6-12)
'''Verses''' 1-5
See the ark's triumph over Dagon. Thus the kingdom of [[Satan]] will certainly fall before the kingdom of [[Christ]], error before truth, profaneness before [[godliness]], and corruption before [[grace]] in the hearts of the faithful. When the interests of [[religion]] seem to be ready to sink, even then we may be confident that the day of their triumph will come. When [[Christ]], the true Ark of the covenant, really enters the [[heart]] of fallen man, which is indeed [[Satan]]'s temple, all [[idols]] will fall, every endeavour to set them up again will be vain, [[sin]] will be forsaken, and unrighteous gain restored; the [[Lord]] will claim and possess the throne. But pride, self-love, and worldly lusts, though dethroned and crucified, still remain within us, like the stump of Dagon. Let us watch and pray that they may not prevail. Let us seek to have them more entirely destroyed.
'''Verses''' 6-12
The hand of the [[Lord]] was heavy upon the [[Philistines]]; he not only convinced them of their folly, but severely chastised their insolence. Yet they would not renounce Dagon; and instead of seeking [[God]]'s [[mercy]], they desired to get clear of his ark. Carnal hearts, when they smart under the judgments of [[God]], would rather, if it were possible, put him far from them, than enter into covenant or communion with him, and seek him for their friend. But their devices to escape the [[Divine]] judgments only increase them. Those that fight against [[God]] will soon have enough of it.
----
'''Chapter''' 6
''Chapter Outline''
The [[Philistines]] consult how to send back the ark.
(1-9)
They bring it to Bethshemesh.
(10-18)
The people smitten for looking into the ark.
(19-21)
'''Verses''' 1-9
Seven months the [[Philistines]] were punished with the presence of the ark; so long it was a plague to them, because they would not send it home sooner. Sinners lengthen out their own miseries by refusing to part with their sins. The [[Israelites]] made no effort to recover the ark. Alas! where shall we find concern for [[religion]] prevail above all other matters? In times of public calamity we [[fear]] for ourselves, for our families, and for our country; but who cares for the ark of [[God]]? We are favoured with the [[gospel]], but it is treated with neglect or contempt. We need not wonder if it should be taken from us; to many persons this, though the heavies of calamities, would occasion no grief. There are multitudes whom any profession would please as well as that of [[Christianity]]. But there are those who value the house, the word, and the ministry of [[God]] above their richest possessions, who dread the loss of these blessings more than death. How willing bad men are to shift off their convictions, and when they are in trouble, to believe it is a chance that happens; and that the rod has no voice which they should hear or heed!
'''Verses''' 10-18
These two kine knew their owner, their great Owner, whom Hophin and Phinehas knew not. [[God]]'s providence takes notice even of brute creatures, and serves its own purposes by them. When the reapers saw the ark, they [[rejoice]]d; their [[joy]] for that was greater than the [[joy]] of harvest. The return of the ark, and the revival of holy ordinances, after days of restraint and trouble, are matters of great joy.
'''Verses''' 19-21
It is a great affront to [[God]], for vain men to pry into, and meddle with the secret things which belong not to them, De 29:29; Col 2:18. Man was ruined by desiring forbidden knowledge. [[God]] will not suffer his ark to be profaned. Be not deceived, [[God]] is not mocked. Those that will not [[fear]] his goodness, and reverently use the tokens of his grace, shall be made to feel his justice. The number smitten is expressed in an unusual manner in the original, and it is probable that it means 1170. They desire to be rid of the ark. Foolish men run from one extreme to the other. They should rather have asked, How may we have [[peace]] with [[God]], and recover his favor? Mic 6:6, 7. Thus, when the word of [[God]] works with terror on sinners' consciences, they, instead of taking the blame and shame to themselves, quarrel with the word, and put that from them. Many stifle their convictions, and put [[salvation]] away from them.
----
'''Chapter''' 7
''Chapter Outline''
The ark removed to Kirjath-jearim.
(1-4)
The [[Israelites]] solemnly repent.
(5, 6)
The [[Lord]] discomfits the [[Philistines]].
(7-12)
They are subdued, [[Samuel]] judges [[Israel]].
(13-17)
'''Verses''' 1-4
[[God]] will find a resting-place for his ark; if some thrust it from them, the hearts of others shall be inclined to receive it. It is no new thing for [[God]]'s ark to be in a private house. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] and his apostles preached from house to house, when they could not have public places. Twenty years passed before the house of [[Israel]] cared for the want of the ark. During this time the prophet [[Samuel]] laboured to revive true [[religion]]. The few words used are very expressive; and this was one of the most effectual revivals of [[religion]] which ever took place in [[Israel]].
'''Verses''' 5, 6
[[Israel]] drew water and poured it out before the [[Lord]]; signifying their humiliation and sorrow for sin. They pour out their hearts in [[Repentance|repentance]] before the [[Lord]]. They were free and full in their confession, and fixed in their resolution to cast away from them all their wrong doings. They made a public confession, We have sinned against the [[Lord]]; thus giving [[glory]] to [[God]], and taking shame to themselves. And if we thus confess our sins, we shall find our [[God]] faithful and just to forgive us our sins.
'''Verses''' 7-12
The [[Philistines]] invaded [[Israel]]. When sinners begin to repent and reform, they must expect that [[Satan]] will muster all his force against them, and set his instruments at work to the utmost, to oppose and discourage them. The [[Israelites]] earnestly beg [[Samuel]] to pray for them. Oh what a comfort it is to all [[believer]]s, that our great Intercessor above never ceases, is never silent! for he always appears in the presence of [[God]] for us. [[Samuel]]'s sacrifice, without his [[prayer]], had been an empty shadow. [[God]] gave a gracious answer. And [[Samuel]] erected a memorial of this victory, to the [[glory]] of [[God]], and to encourage [[Israel]]. Through successive generations, the [[church]] of [[God]] has had cause to set up Eben-ezers for renewed deliverances; neither outward persecutions nor inward corruptions have prevailed against her, because "hitherto the [[Lord]] hath helped her:" and he will help, even to the end of the world.
'''Verses''' 13-17
In this great revival of true [[religion]], the ark was neither removed to Shiloh, nor placed with the tabernacle any where else. This disregard to the Levitical institutions showed that their typical meaning formed their chief use; and when that was overlooked, they became a lifeless service, not to be compared with repentance, faith, and the [[love]] of [[God]] and man.
----
'''Chapter''' 8
''Chapter Outline''
The evil government of [[Samuel]]'s sons.
(1-3)
The [[Israelites]] ask for a king.
(4-9)
The manner of a king.
(10-22)
'''Verses''' 1-3
It does not appear that [[Samuel]]'s sons were so profane and vicious as Eli's sons; but they were corrupt judges, they turned aside after lucre. [[Samuel]] took no bribes, but his sons did, and then they perverted judgment. What added to the grievance of the people was, that they were threatened by an invasion from Nahash, king of the Ammonites.
'''Verses''' 4-9
[[Samuel]] was displeased; he could patiently bear what reflected on himself, and his own family; but it displeased him when they said, Give us a king to judge us, because that reflected upon [[God]]. It drove him to his knees. When any thing disturbs us, it is our interest, as well as our duty, to show our trouble before [[God]]. [[Samuel]] is to tell them that they shall have a king. Not that [[God]] was pleased with their request, but as sometimes he opposes us from loving-kindness, so at other times he gratifies us in wrath; he did so here. [[God]] knows how to bring glory to himself, and serves his own wise purposes, even by men's foolish counsels.
'''Verses''' 10-22
If they would have a king to rule them, as the eastern kings ruled their subjects, they would find the yoke exceedingly heavy. Those that submit to the government of the [[world]] and the flesh, are told plainly, what hard masters they are, and what tyranny the dominion of [[sin]] is. The law of [[God]] and the manner of men widely differ from each other; the former should be our rule in the several relations of life; the latter should be the measure of our expectations from others. These would be their grievances, and, when they complained to [[God]], he would not hear them. When we bring ourselves into distress by our own wrong desires and projects, we justly forfeit the comfort of [[prayer]], and the benefit of [[Divine]] aid. The people were obstinate and urgent in their demand. Sudden resolves and hasty desires make work for long and leisurely repentance. Our wisdom is, to be thankful for the advantages, and patient under the disadvantages of the government we may live under; and to pray continually for our rulers, that they may govern us in the [[fear]] of [[God]], and that we may live under them in all [[godliness]] and honesty. And it is a hopeful symptom when our desires of worldly objects can brook delay; and when we can refer the time and manner of their being granted to [[God]]'s providence.
----
'''Chapter''' 9
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]is brought to [[Samuel]].
(1-10)
[[Samuel]] told concerning Saul.
(11-17)
[[Samuel]]'s treatment of Saul.
(18-27)
'''Verses''' 1-10
[[Saul]]readily went to seek his father's asses. His obedience to his father was praise-worthy. His servant proposed, that since they were now at Ramah, they should call on [[Samuel]], and take his advice. Wherever we are, we should use our opportunities of acquainting ourselves with those who are wise and good. Many will consult a man of [[God]], if he comes in their way, that would not go a step out of their way to get wisdom. We sensibly feel worldly losses, and bestow much pains to make them up; but how little do we attempt, and how soon are we weary, in seeking the [[salvation]] of our souls! If ministers could tell men how to secure their property, or to get wealth, they would be more consulted and honoured than they now are, though employed in teaching them how to escape eternal misery, and to obtain [[eternal life]]. Most people would rather be told their fortune than their duty. [[Samuel]] needed not their money, nor would he have denied his advice, if they had not brought it; but they gave it to him as a token of respect, and of the value they put upon his office, and according to the general usage of those times, always to bring a present to those in authority.
'''Verses''' 11-17
The very maid-servants of the city could direct to the prophet. They had heard of the sacrifice, and could tell of the necessity for [[Samuel]]'s presence. It is no small benefit to live in religious and holy places. And we should always be ready to help those who are seeking after [[God]]'s prophets. Though [[God]] had, in displeasure, granted [[Israel]]'s request for a king, yet he sends them a man to be captain over them, to save them out of the hand of the [[Philistines]]. He does it, listening graciously to their cry.
'''Verses''' 18-27
[[Samuel]], that good prophet, was so far from envying Saul, or bearing him any ill-will, that he was the first and most forward to do him honour. Both that evening and early the next morning, [[Samuel]] communed with Saul upon the flat roof of the house. We may suppose [[Samuel]] now convinced [[Saul]]that he was the person [[God]] had fixed upon for the government, and of his own willingness to resign. How different are the purposes of the [[Lord]] for us, from our intentions for ourselves! Perhaps [[Saul]]was the only one who ever went out to seek asses, and literally found a kingdom; but many have set out and moved their dwellings to seek riches and pleasures, who have been guided to places where they found [[salvation]] for their souls. Thus they have met with those who addressed them as if aware of the secrets of their lives and hearts, and have been led seriously to regard the word of the [[Lord]]. If this has been our case, though our worldly plans have not prospered, let us not care for that; the [[Lord]] has given us, or has prepared us for, what is far better.
----
'''Chapter''' 10
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] anoints Saul.
(1-8)
[[Saul]]prophesies.
(9-16)
[[Saul]]chosen king.
(17-27)
'''Verses''' 1-8
The sacred anointing, then used, pointed at the great [[Messiah]], or Anointed One, the King of the [[church]], and High Priest of our profession, who was anointed with the oil of the [[Spirit]], not by measure, but without measure, and above all the priests and princes of the Jewish [[church]]. For Saul's further satisfaction, [[Samuel]] gives him some signs which should come to pass the same day. The first place he directs him to, was the sepulchre of one of his ancestors; there he must be reminded of his own mortality, and now that he had a crown before him, must think of his grave, in which all his honour would be laid in the dust. From the time of [[Samuel]] there appears to have been schools, or places where pious young men were brought up in the knowledge of [[Divine]] things. [[Saul]]should find himself strongly moved to join with them, and should be turned into another man from what he had been. The [[Spirit]] of [[God]] changes men, wonderfully transforms them. Saul, by praising [[God]] in the communion of saints, became another man, but it may be questioned if he became a new man.
'''Verses''' 9-16
The signs [[Samuel]] had given Saul, came to pass punctually; he found that [[God]] had given him another heart, another disposition of mind. Yet let not an outward show of devotion, and a sudden change for the present, be too much relied on; [[Saul]]among the prophets was [[Saul]]still. His being anointed was kept private. He leaves it to [[God]] to carry on his own work by [[Samuel]], and sits still, to see how the matter will fall.
'''Verses''' 17-27
[[Samuel]] tells the people, Ye have this day rejected your [[God]]. So little fond was [[Saul]]now of that power, which soon after, when he possessed it, he could not think of parting with, that he hid himself. It is good to be conscious of our unworthiness and insufficiency for the services to which we are called; but men should not go into the contrary extreme, by refusing the employments to which the [[Lord]] and the [[church]] call them. The greater part of the people treated the matter with indifference. [[Saul]]modestly went home to his own house, but was attended by a band of men whose hearts [[God]] disposed to support his authority. If the [[heart]] bend at any time the right way, it is because He has touched it. One touch is enough when it is Divine. Others despised him. Thus differently are men affected to our exalted [[Redeemer]]. There is a remnant who submit to him, and follow him wherever he goes; they are those whose hearts [[God]] has touched, whom he has made willing. But there are others who despise him, who ask, How shall this man save us? They are offended in him, and they will be punished.
----
'''Chapter''' 11
''Chapter Outline''
Jabesh-gilead delivered.
(1-11)
[[Saul]]confirmed in his kingdom.
(12-15)
'''Verses''' 1-11
The first fruit of Saul's government was the rescue of Jabesh-gilead from the Ammonites. To save their lives, men will part with liberty, and even consent to have their eyes put out; is it then no wisdom to part with that [[sin]] which is as dear to us as our right eye, rather than to be cast into hell-fire? See the [[faith]] and confidence of Saul, and, grounded thereon, his courage and resolution. See also his activity in this business. When the [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] comes upon men, it will make them expert, even without experience. When zeal for the [[glory]] of [[God]], and [[love]] for the brethren, urge men to earnest efforts, and when [[God]] is pleased to help, great effects may speedily be produced.
'''Verses''' 12-15
They now honoured [[Saul]]whom they had despised; and if an enemy be made a friend, that is more to our advantage than to have him slain. The once despised [[Saviour]] will at length be acknowledged by all as the [[Lord]]'s own anointed king. As yet, upon his [[mercy]]-seat, he receives the submission of rebels, and even pleads their cause; but shortly, from his righteous tribunal, he will condemn all who persist in opposing him.
----
'''Chapter''' 12
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] testifies his integrity.
(1-5)
[[Samuel]] reproves the people.
(6-15)
Thunder sent in harvest time.
(16-25)
'''Verses''' 1-5
[[Samuel]] not only cleared his own character, but set an example before Saul, while he showed the people their ingratitude to [[God]] and to himself. There is a just debt which all men to their own good name, especially men in public stations, which is, to guard it against unjust blame and suspicions, that they may finish their course with honour, as well as with joy. And that we have in our places lived honestly, will be our comfort, under any slights and contempt that may be put upon us.
'''Verses''' 6-15
The work of ministers is to reason with people; not only to exhort and direct, but to persuade, to convince men's judgments, and so to gain their wills and affections. [[Samuel]] reasons of the righteous acts of the [[Lord]]. Those who follow [[God]] faithfully, he will enable to continue following him. Disobedience would certainly be the ruin of [[Israel]]. We mistake if we think that we can escape [[God]]'s justice, by trying to shake off his dominion. If we resolve that [[God]] shall not rule us, yet he will judge us.
'''Verses''' 16-25
At [[Samuel]]'s word, [[God]] sent thunder and rain, at a season of the year when, in that country, the like was not seen. This was to convince them they had done wickedly in asking a king; not only by its coming at an unusual time, in wheat harvest, and on a clear day, but by the prophet's giving notice of it before. He showed their folly in desiring a king to save them, rather than [[God]], or [[Samuel]]; promising themselves more from an arm of flesh, than from the arm of [[God]], or from the power of [[prayer]]. Could their prince command such forces as the prophet could do by his [[prayer]]s? It startled them very much. Some will not be brought to see their sins by any gentler methods than storms and thunders. They entreat [[Samuel]] to pray for them. Now they see their need of him whom shortly before they slighted. Thus many who will not have [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] to reign over them, would yet be glad to have him intercede for them, to turn away the wrath of [[God]]. [[Samuel]] aims to confirm the people in their [[religion]]. Whatever we make a god of, we shall find it deceive us. Creatures in their own places are good; but when put in [[God]]'s place, they are vain things. We [[sin]] if we restrain [[prayer]], and in particular if we cease praying for the [[church]]. They only asked him to pray for them; but he promises to do more, to teach them. He urges that they were bound in gratitude to serve [[God]], considering what great things he had done for them; and that they were bound in interest to serve him, considering what he would do against them, if they should still do wickedly. Thus, as a faithful watchman, he gave them warning, and so delivered his own soul. If we consider what great things the [[Lord]] hath done for us, especially in the great work of redemption, we can neither want motive, encouragement, nor assistance in serving him.
----
'''Chapter''' 13
''Chapter Outline''
The invasion of the [[Philistines]].
(1-7)
[[Saul]]sacrifices, He is reproved by [[Samuel]].
(8-14)
The policy of the [[Philistines]].
(15-23)
'''Verses''' 1-7
[[Saul]]reigned one year, and nothing particular happened; but in his second year the events recorded in this Chapter took place. For above a year he gave the Philistine time to prepare for war, and to weaken and to disarm the [[Israelites]]. When men are lifted up in self-sufficiency, they are often led into folly. The chief advantages of the enemies of the [[church]] are derived from the misconduct of its professed friends. When [[Saul]]at length sounded an alarm, the people, dissatisfied with his management, or terrified by the power of the enemy, did not come to him, or speedily deserted him.
'''Verses''' 8-14
[[Saul]]broke the order expressly given by [[Samuel]], see ch. 1Sa 10:8, as to what should be done in cases of extremity. [[Saul]]offered sacrifice without [[Samuel]], and did it himself, though he was neither priest nor prophet. When charged with disobedience, he justified himself in what he had done, and gave no sign of [[Repentance|repentance]] for it. He would have this act of disobedience pass for an instance of his prudence, and as a proof of his piety. Men destitute of inward piety, often lay great stress on the outward performances of [[religion]]. [[Samuel]] charges Saul with being an enemy to himself. Those that disobey the [[commandments]] of [[God]], do foolishly for themselves. Sin is folly, and the greatest sinners are the greatest fools. Our disposition to obey or disobey [[God]], will often be proved by our behaviour in things which appear small. Men see nothing but Saul's outward act, which seems small; but [[God]] saw that he did this with unbelief and distrust of his providence, with contempt of his authority and justice, and with rebellion against the light of his own conscience. Blessed [[Saviour]], may we never, like Saul, bring our poor offerings, or fancied [[peace]]-offerings, without looking to thy precious, thy all-sufficient sacrifice! Thou only, O [[Lord]], canst make, or hast made, our [[peace]] in the blood of the cross.
'''Verses''' 15-23
See how politic the [[Philistines]] were when they had power; they not only prevented the people of [[Israel]] from making weapons of war, but obliged them to depend upon their enemies, even for instruments of husbandry. How impolitic [[Saul]]was, who did not, in the beginning of his reign, set himself to redress this. Want of true sense always accompanies want of grace. Sins which appear to us very little, have dangerous consequences. Miserable is a guilty, defenceless nation; much more those who are destitute of the whole armour of [[God]].
----
'''Chapter''' 14
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]] smites the [[Philistines]].
(1-15)
Their defeat.
(16-23)
[[Saul]]forbids the people to eat till evening.
(24-35)
[[Jonathan]] pointed out by lot.
(36-46)
Saul's family.
(47-52)
'''Verses''' 1-15
[[Saul]]seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of [[God]]'s protection. Now he sent for a priest and the ark. He hopes to make up matters with the Almighty by a partial reformation, as many do whose hearts are unhumbled and unchanged. Many [[love]] to have ministers who prophesy smooth things to them. [[Jonathan]] felt a [[Divine]] impulse and impression, putting him upon this bold adventure. [[God]] will direct the steps of those that acknowledge him in all their ways, and seek to him for direction, with full purpose of [[heart]] to follow his guidance. Sometimes we find most comfort in that which is least our own doing, and into which we have been led by the unexpected but well-observed turns of [[Divine]] providence. There was trembling in the host. It is called a trembling of [[God]], signifying, not only a great trembling they could not resist, nor reason themselves out of, but that it came at once from the hand of [[God]]. He that made the heart, knows how to make it tremble.
'''Verses''' 16-23
The [[Philistines]] were, by the power of [[God]], set against one another. The more evident it was that [[God]] did all, the more reason [[Saul]]had to inquire whether [[God]] would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer [[God]] would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, nor reckon any business so urgent, as not to allow time to take [[God]] with him.
'''Verses''' 24-35
Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. [[Saul]]was turning aside from [[God]], and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of [[godliness]] when he was denying the power of it.
'''Verses''' 36-46
If [[God]] turns away our [[prayer]], we have reason to suspect it is for some [[sin]] harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled [[heart]] suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. [[Jonathan]] was discovered to be the offender. Those most indulgent to their own sins are most severe upon others; those who most disregard [[God]]'s authority, are most impatient when their own commands are slighted. Such as cast abroad curses, endanger themselves and their families. What do we observe in the whole of Saul's behaviour on this occasion, but an impetuous, proud, malignant, impious disposition? And do we not in every instance perceive that man, left to himself, betrays the depravity of his nature, and is enslaved to the basest tempers.
'''Verses''' 47-52
Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly [[glory]] makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.
----
'''Chapter''' 15
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]sent to destroy Amalek.
(1-9)
[[Saul]]excuses and commends himself.
(10-23)
Saul's imperfect humiliation.
(24-31)
Agag put to death, [[Samuel]] and [[Saul]]part.
(32-35)
'''Verses''' 1-9
The sentence of condemnation against the Amalekites had gone forth long before, Ex 17:14; De 25:19, but they had been spared till they filled up the measure of their sins. We are sure that the righteous [[Lord]] does no injustice to any. The remembering the kindness of the ancestors of the Kenites, in favour to them, at the time [[God]] was punishing the injuries done by the ancestors of the Amalekites, tended to clear the righteousness of [[God]] in this dispensation. It is dangerous to be found in the company of [[God]]'s enemies, and it is our duty and interest to come out from among them, lest we share in their sins and plagues, Re 18:4. As the commandment had been express, and a test of Saul's obedience, his conduct evidently was the effect of a proud, rebellious spirit. He destroyed only the refuse, that was good for little. That which was now destroyed was sacrificed to the justice of [[God]].
'''Verses''' 10-23
[[Repentance]] in [[God]] is not a change of mind, as it is in us, but a change of method. The change was in Saul; "He is turned back from following me." Hereby he made [[God]] his enemy. [[Samuel]] spent a whole night in pleading for Saul. The rejection of sinners is the grief of [[believer]]s: [[God]] delights not in their death, nor should we. [[Saul]]boasts to [[Samuel]] of his obedience. Thus sinners think, by justifying themselves, to escape being judged of the [[Lord]]. The noise the cattle made, like the rust of the silver, Jas 5:3, witnessed against him. Many boast of obedience to the command of [[God]]; but what means then their indulgence of the flesh, their [[love]] of the world, their angry and unkind spirit, and their neglect of holy duties, which witness against them? See of what evil covetousness is the root; and see what is the sinfulness of [[sin]], and notice that in it which above any thing else makes it evil in the sight of the [[Lord]]; it is disobedience: "Thou didst not obey the voice of the [[Lord]]." Carnal, deceitful hearts, like Saul, think to excuse themselves from [[God]]'s [[commandments]] by what pleases themselves. It is hard to convince the [[children]] of disobedience. But humble, sincere, and conscientious obedience to the will of [[God]], is more pleasing and acceptable to him than all burnt-offering and sacrifices. [[God]] is more glorified and self more denied, by obedience than by sacrifice. It is much easier to bring a bullock or lamb to be burned upon the altar, than to bring every high thought into obedience to [[God]], and to make our will subject to his will. Those are unfit and unworthy to rule over men, who are not willing that [[God]] should rule over them.
'''Verses''' 24-31
There were several signs of hypocrisy in Saul's repentance. 1. He besought [[Samuel]] only, and seemed most anxious to stand right in his opinion, and to gain his favour. 2. He excuses his fault, even when confessing it; that is never the way of a true penitent. 3. All his care was to save his credit, and preserve his interest in the people. Men are fickle and alter their minds, feeble and cannot effect their purposes; something happens they could not foresee, by which their measures are broken; but with [[God]] it is not so. The Strength of [[Israel]] will not lie.
'''Verses''' 32-35
Many think the bitterness of [[death]] is past when it is not gone by; they put that evil day far from them, which is very near. [[Samuel]] calls Agag to account for his own sins. He followed the example of his ancestors' cruelty, justly therefore is all the righteous blood shed by Amalek required. [[Saul]]seems unconcerned at the token of [[God]]'s displeasure which he lay under, yet [[Samuel]] mourns day and night for him. [[Jerusalem]] was carnally secure while [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] wept over it. Do we desire to do the whole will of [[God]]? Turn to him, not in form and appearance, but with sincerity.
----
'''Chapter''' 16
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] sent to [[Bethlehem]] to Jesse.
(1-5)
[[David]] is anointed.
(6-13)
[[Saul]]troubled with an evil spirit, is quieted by [[David]].
(14-23)
'''Verses''' 1-5
It appears that [[Saul]]was grown very wicked. Of what would he not be guilty, who durst think to kill [[Samuel]]? The elders of [[Bethlehem]] trembled at [[Samuel]]'s coming. It becomes us to stand in awe of [[God]]'s messengers, and to tremble at his word. His answer was, I come [[peace]]ably, for I come to sacrifice. When our [[Lord]] [[Jesus]] came into the world, though men had reason to [[fear]] that his errand was to condemn the world, yet he gave full assurance that he came [[peace]]ably, for he came to sacrifice, and he brought his offering with him; A body hast thou prepared me. Let us sanctify ourselves, and depend upon His sacrifice.
'''Verses''' 6-13
It was strange that [[Samuel]], who had been so disappointed in Saul, whose countenance and stature recommended him, should judge of another man by that rule. We can tell how men look, but [[God]] can tell what they are. He judges of men by the heart. We often form a mistaken judgment of characters; but the [[Lord]] values only the faith, fear, and love, which are planted in the heart, beyond human discernment. And [[God]] does not favour our [[children]] according to our fond partiality, but often most honours and blesses those who have been least regarded. [[David]] at length was pitched upon. He was the youngest of the sons of Jesse; his name signifies Beloved; he was a type of [[God]]'s beloved Son. It should seem, [[David]] was least set by of all the sons of Jesse. But the [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] came upon [[David]] from that day forward. His anointing was not an empty ceremony, a [[Divine]] power went with that instituted sign; he found himself advanced in wisdom and courage, with all the qualifications of a prince, though not advanced in his outward circumstances. This would satisfy him that his election was of [[God]]. The best evidence of our being predestinated to the kingdom of glory, is, our being sealed with the [[Spirit]] of promise, and experience of a work of [[grace]] in our hearts.
'''Verses''' 14-23
[[Saul]]is made a terror to himself. The [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] departed from him. If [[God]] and his [[grace]] do not rule us, [[sin]] and [[Satan]] will have possession of us. The devil, by the [[Divine]] permission, troubled and terrified Saul, by the corrupt humours of his body, and passions of his mind. He grew fretful, peevish, and discontented, and at times a madman. It is a pity that music, which may be serviceable to the good temper of the mind, should ever be abused, to support vanity and luxury, and made an occasion of drawing the [[heart]] from [[God]] and serious things. That is driving away the good Spirit, not the evil spirit. Music, diversions, company, or business, have for a time often been employed to quiet the wounded conscience; but nothing can effect a real cure but the blood of [[Christ]], applied in faith, and the sanctifying [[Spirit]] sealing the [[pardon]] , by his holy comforts. All other plans to dispel religious melancholy are sure to add to distress, either in this [[world]] or the next.
----
'''Chapter''' 17
''Chapter Outline''
Goliath's challenge.
(1-11)
[[David]] comes to the camp.
(12-30)
[[David]] undertakes to fight Goliath.
(31-39)
and goes to meet him.
(40-47)
He kills Goliath.
(48-58)
'''Verses''' 1-11
Men so entirely depend upon [[God]] in all things, that when he withdraws his help, the most valiant and resolute cannot find their hearts or hands, as daily experience shows.
'''Verses''' 12-30
Jesse little thought of sending his son to the army at that critical juncture; but the wise [[God]] orders actions and affairs, so as to serve his designs. In times of general formality and lukewarmness, every degree of zeal which implies readiness to go further, or to venture more in the cause of [[God]] than others, will be blamed as pride and ambition, and by none more than by near relations, like Eliab, or negligent superiors. It was a trial of [[David]]'s meekness, patience, and constancy. He had right and reason on his side, and did not render railing for railing; with a soft answer he turned away his brother's wrath. This conquest of his own passion was more honourable than that of Goliath. Those who undertake great and public services, must not think it strange if they are spoken ill of, and opposed by those from whom they expect support and assistance. They must humbly go on with their work, in the face not only of enemies' threats, but of friends' slights and suspicions.
'''Verses''' 31-39
A shepherd lad, come the same morning from keeping sheep, had more courage than all the mighty men of [[Israel]]. Thus [[God]] often sends good words to his [[Israel]], and does great things for them, by the weak and foolish things of the world. As he had answered his brother's passion with meekness, so [[David]] answered Saul's [[fear]] with faith. When [[David]] kept sheep, he proved himself very careful and tender of his flock. This reminds us of [[Christ]], the good Shepherd, who not only ventured, but laid down his life for the sheep. Our experience ought to encourage us to [[trust]] in [[God]], and be bold in the way of duty. He that has delivered, does and will continue to do so. [[David]] gained leave to fight the Philistine. Not being used to such armour as [[Saul]]put upon him, he was not satisfied to go in that manner; this was from the [[Lord]], that it might more plainly appear he fought and conquered in faith, and that the victory was from Him who works by the feeblest and most despised means and instruments. It is not to be inquired how excellent any thing is, but how proper. Let Saul's coat be ever so rich, and his armour ever so strong, what is [[David]] the better if they fit him not? But faith, [[prayer]], truth, and righteousness; the whole armour of [[God]], and the mind that was in Christ; are equally needful for all the servants of the [[Lord]], whatever may be their work.
'''Verses''' 40-47
The security and presumption of fools destroy them. Nothing can excel the humility, faith, and piety which appear in [[David]]'s words. He expressed his assured expectation of success; he gloried in his mean appearance and arms, that the victory might be ascribed to the [[Lord]] alone.
'''Verses''' 48-58
See how frail and uncertain life is, even when a man thinks himself best fortified; how quickly, how easily, and by how small a matter, the passage may be opened for life to go out, and [[death]] to enter! Let not the strong man [[glory]] in his strength, nor the armed man in his armour. [[God]] resists the proud, and pours contempt on those who defy him and his people. No one ever hardened his [[heart]] against [[God]] and prospered. The history is recorded, that all may exert themselves for the honour of [[God]], and the support of his cause, with bold and unshaken reliance on him. There is one conflict in which all the followers of the Lamb are, and must be engaged; one enemy, more formidable than Goliath, still challenges the armies of [[Israel]]. But "resist the devil, and he will flee from you." Go forth to battle with the [[faith]] of [[David]], and the powers of darkness shall not stand against you. But how often is the [[Christian]] foiled through an evil [[heart]] of unbelief!
----
'''Chapter''' 18
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]]'s friendship for [[David]].
(1-5)
[[Saul]]seeks to kill [[David]].
(6-11)
Saul's [[fear]] of [[David]].
(12-30)
'''Verses''' 1-5
The friendship of [[David]] and [[Jonathan]] was the effect of [[Divine]] grace, which produces in true [[believer]]s one [[heart]] and one soul, and causes them to [[love]] each other. This union of souls is from partaking in the [[Spirit]] of [[Christ]]. Where [[God]] unites hearts, carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who [[love]] [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof of the power of [[God]]'s [[grace]] in [[David]], that he was able to bear all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above measure.
'''Verses''' 6-11
[[David]]'s troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs, but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems greatest in this world. It is a sign that the [[Spirit]] of [[God]] is departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious, suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare [[David]], with his harp in his hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his hand, aiming to slay [[David]]; and observe the sweetness and usefulness of [[God]]'s persecuted people, and the barbarity of their persecutors. But [[David]]'s safety must be ascribed to [[God]]'s providence.
'''Verses''' 12-30
For a long time [[David]] was kept in continual apprehension of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit, nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perVerseness in others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be weary and faint in your minds, Heb 12:3. If [[David]] magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!
----
'''Chapter''' 19
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]] reconciles his father to [[David]], [[Saul]]again tries to slay him.
(1-10)
[[David]] flees to [[Samuel]].
(11-24)
'''Verses''' 1-10
How forcible are right words! [[Saul]]was, for a time, convinced of the unreasonableness of his enmity to [[David]]; but he continued his malice against [[David]]. So incurable is the hatred of the seed of the serpent against that of the woman; so deceitful and desperately wicked is the [[heart]] of man without the [[grace]] of [[God]], Jer 17:9.
'''Verses''' 11-24
Michal's stratagem to gain time till [[David]] got to a distance was allowable, but her falsehood had not even the plea of necessity to excuse it, and manifests that she was not influenced by the same spirit of piety which had dictated [[Jonathan]]'s language to Saul. In flying to [[Samuel]], [[David]] made [[God]] his refuge. [[Samuel]], as a prophet, was best able to advise him what to do in this day of distress. He met with little rest or satisfaction in Saul's court, therefore went to seek it in [[Samuel]]'s [[church]]. What little pleasure is to be had in this world, those have who live a life of communion with [[God]]; to that [[David]] returned in the time of trouble. So impatient was [[Saul]]after [[David]]'s blood, so restless against him, that although baffled by one providence after another, he could not see that [[David]] was under the special protection of [[God]]. And when [[God]] will take this way to protect [[David]], even Saul prophesies. Many have great gifts, yet no grace; they may prophesy in [[Christ]]'s name, yet are disowned by him. Let us daily seek for renewing grace, which shall be in us as a well of water springing up into everlasting life. Let us cleave to truth and [[holiness]] with full purpose of heart. In every danger and trouble, let us seek protection, comfort, and direction in [[God]]'s ordinances.
----
'''Chapter''' 20
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] consults [[Jonathan]].
(1-10)
[[Jonathan]]'s covenant with [[David]].
(11-23)
Saul, missing [[David]], seeks to kill [[Jonathan]].
(24-34)
[[Jonathan]] takes leave of [[David]].
(35-42)
'''Verses''' 1-10
The trials [[David]] met with, prepared him for future advancement. Thus the [[Lord]] deals with those whom he prepares unto glory. He does not put them into immediate possession of the kingdom, but leads them to it through much tribulation, which he makes the means of fitting them for it. Let them not murmur at his gracious appointment, nor distrust his care; but let them look forward with joyful expectation to the crown which is laid up for them. Sometimes it appears to us that there is but a step between us and death; at all times it may be so, and we should prepare for the event. But though dangers appear most threatening, we cannot die till the purpose of [[God]] concerning us is accomplished; nor till we have served our generation according to his will, if we are [[believer]]s. [[Jonathan]] generously offers [[David]] his services. This is true friendship. Thus [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] testifies his [[love]] to us, Ask, and it shall be done for you; and we must testify our [[love]] to him, by keeping his commandments.
'''Verses''' 11-23
[[Jonathan]] faithfully promises that he would let [[David]] know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom [[God]] favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the [[love]] of [[Jesus]], who gave himself as a sacrifice for rebellious, polluted sinners! how great then ought to be the force and effects of our [[love]] to him, to his cause, and his people!
'''Verses''' 24-34
None were more constant than [[David]] in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for [[Divine]] ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. [[Jonathan]] did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an interest in [[David]], yet for this he is blamed. It is good to take [[God]]'s people for our people. It will prove to our advantage at last, however it may now be thought against our interest. [[Saul]]was outrageous. What savage beasts, and worse, does [[anger]] make men!
'''Verses''' 35-42
The separation of two such faithful friends was grievous to both, but [[David]]'s case was the more deplorable, for [[David]] was leaving all his comforts, even those of [[God]]'s sanctuary. [[Christians]] need not sorrow, as men without hope; but being one with [[Christ]], they are one with each other, and will meet in his presence ere long, to part no more; to meet where all tears shall be wiped from their eyes.
----
'''Chapter''' 21
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] with Ahimelech.
(1-9)
[[David]] at Gath feigns himself mad.
(10-15)
'''Verses''' 1-9
[[David]], in distress, fled to the tabernacle of [[God]]. It is great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a [[God]] to go to, to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and expect direction. [[David]] told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad consequence; for it occasioned the [[death]] of the priests of the [[Lord]]. [[David]] thought upon it afterward with regret. [[David]] had great [[faith]] and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus foully through [[fear]] and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of his faith. Had he trusted [[God]] aright, he would not have used such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest straits, but for our warning. [[David]] asked of Ahimelech bread and a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The Son of [[David]] taught from it, that [[mercy]] is to be preferred to sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as [[David]] did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of [[God]], nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many come in simplicity of [[heart]] to serve their [[God]], others come to observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only [[God]] and the event can distinguish between a [[David]] and a Doeg, when both are in the tabernacle. (1Sa 21:10-15)
'''Verses''' 10-15
[[God]]'s persecuted people have often found better usage from [[Philistines]] than from [[Israelites]]. [[David]] had reason to put confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was degrading, and discovered wavering in his [[faith]] and courage. The more simply we depend on [[God]], and obey him, the more comfortably and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.
----
'''Chapter''' 22
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] at Adullam, Many resort to him.
(1-5)
[[Saul]]destroys the priests of Nob.
(6-19)
[[Text:EBD:Abiathar|Abiathar]] escapes to [[David]].
(20-23)
'''Verses''' 1-5
See what weak instruments [[God]] sometimes uses, to bring about his own purposes. The Son of [[David]] is ready to receive distressed souls, who will be commanded by him. He receives all who come unto Him, however vile and miserable; he changes them into a holy people, and employs them in his service: those who would reign with him must be contented first to suffer with and for him. Observe with what tender concern [[David]] provided for his aged parents. The first thing he does is to find them a quiet habitation, whatever became of himself. Let [[children]] learn to honour their parents, in every thing consulting their ease and satisfaction. Though highly preferred, and much employed, let them not forget their aged parents. The steps of a good man are ordered by the [[Lord]]. And the [[Lord]] will preserve his people for their appointed work, however they may be hated and exposed.
'''Verses''' 6-19
See the nature of jealous malice and its pitiful arts. [[Saul]]looks upon all about him as his enemies, because they do not just say as he says. In Ahimelech's answer to [[Saul]]we have the language of conscious innocence. But what wickedness will not the evil spirit hurry men to when he gets the dominion! [[Saul]]alleges that which was utterly false and unproved. But the most bloody tyrants have found instruments of their cruelty as barbarous as themselves. Doeg, having murdered the priests, went to the city, Nob, and put all to the sword there. Nothing so vile but those may do it, who have provoked [[God]] to give them up to their hearts' lusts. Yet this was the accomplishment of the threatenings against the house of Eli. Though [[Saul]]was unrighteous in doing this, yet [[God]] was righteous in permitting it. No word of [[God]] shall fall to the ground.
'''Verses''' 20-23
[[David]] greatly lamented the calamity. It is great trouble to a good man to find himself any way the cause of evil to others. He must have been much pained, when he considered that his falsehood was one cause of this fatal event. [[David]] speaks with assurance of his own safety, and promises that [[Text:EBD:Abiathar|Abiathar]] should have his protection. With the Son of [[David]], all who are his may be sure they shall be in safeguard, Ps 91:1. In the hurry and distraction [[David]] was continually in, he found time for communion with [[God]], and found comfort in it.
----
'''Chapter''' 23
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] rescues Keilah.
(1-6)
[[God]] warns him to escape from Keilah.
(7-13)
[[Jonathan]] comforts [[David]].
(14-18)
He is rescued from [[Saul]]by an invasion of the [[Philistines]].
(19-29)
'''Verses''' 1-6
When princes persecute [[God]]'s people, let them expect vexation on all sides. The way for any country to be quiet, is to let [[God]]'s [[church]] be quiet in it: if [[Saul]]fight against [[David]], the [[Philistines]] fight against his country. [[David]] considered himself the protector of the land. Thus did the [[Saviour]] [[Jesus]], and left us an example. Those are unlike [[David]], who sullenly decline to do good, if they are not rewarded for services.
'''Verses''' 7-13
Well might [[David]] complain of his enemies, that they rewarded him evil for good, and that for his [[love]] they were his adversaries. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] was used thus basely. [[David]] applied to his great Protector for direction. No sooner was the ephod brought him than he made use of it. We have the Scriptures in our hands, let us take advice from them in doubtful cases. Say, Bring hither the [[Bible]]. [[David]]'s address to [[God]] is very solemn, also very particular. [[God]] allows us to be so in our addresses to him; [[Lord]], direct me in this matter, about which I am now at a loss. [[God]] knows not only what will be, but what would be, if it were not hindered; therefore he knows how to deliver the godly out of temptation, and how to render to every man according to his works.
'''Verses''' 14-18
[[David]] made no attempt against Saul; he kept [[God]]'s way, waited [[God]]'s time, and was content to secure himself in woods and wildernesses. Let it make us think the worse of this world, which often gives such bad treatment to its best men: let it make us long for that kingdom where goodness shall for ever be in glory, and [[holiness]] in honour. We find [[Jonathan]] comforting [[David]]. As a pious friend, he directed him to [[God]], the Foundation of his comfort. As a self-denying friend, he takes pleasure in the prospect of [[David]]'s advancement to the throne. As a constant friend, he renewed his friendship with him. Our covenant with [[God]] should be often renewed, and therein our communion with him kept up. If the conVerse of one friend, at one meeting, gives comfort and strengthens our hearts, what may not be expected from the continual supports and powerful [[love]] of the [[Saviour]] of sinners, the covenanted Friend of [[believer]]s!
'''Verses''' 19-29
In the midst of his wickedness, [[Saul]]affected to speak the language of piety. Such expressions, without suitable effects, can only amuse or deceive those who hear, and those who use them. This mountain was an emblem of the [[Divine]] Providence coming between [[David]] and the destroyer. Let us not be dismayed at the prospect of future difficulties, but stay ourselves upon Him who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in working. Sooner than his promise shall fail, he will commission [[Philistines]] to effect our escape, at the very moment when our case appears most desperate. [[God]] requires entire dependence on him, If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established, Isa 7:9.
----
'''Chapter''' 24
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] spares Saul's life.
(1-7)
[[David]] shows his innocence.
(8-15)
[[Saul]]acknowledges his fault.
(16-22)
'''Verses''' 1-7
[[God]] delivered [[Saul]]into [[David]]'s hand. It was an opportunity given to [[David]] to exercise [[faith]] and patience. He had a promise of the kingdom, but no command to slay the king. He reasons strongly, both with himself and with his men, against doing [[Saul]]any hurt. Sin is a thing which it becomes us to startle at, and to resist [[temptations]] thereto. He not only would not do this bad thing himself, but he would not suffer those about him to do it. Thus he rendered good for evil, to him from whom he received evil for good; and was herein an example to all who are called [[Christians]], not to be overcome of evil, but to overcome evil with good.
'''Verses''' 8-15
[[David]] was falsely charged with seeking Saul's hurt; he shows [[Saul]]that [[God]]'s providence had given him opportunity to do it. And it was upon a good principle that he refused to do it. He declares his fixed resolution never to be his own avenger. If men wrong us, [[God]] will right us, at farthest, in the judgment of the great day.
'''Verses''' 16-22
[[Saul]]speaks as quite overcome with [[David]]'s kindness. Many mourn for their sins, who do not truly repent of them; weep bitterly for them, yet continue in [[love]] and in league with them. Now [[God]] made good to [[David]] that word on which he had caused him to hope, that he would bring forth his righteousness as the light, Ps 37:6. Those who take care to keep a good conscience, may leave it to [[God]] to secure them the credit of it. Sooner or later, [[God]] will force even those who are of the synagogue of [[Satan]] to know and to own those whom he has loved. They parted in [[peace]]. [[Saul]]went home convinced, but not converted; ashamed of his envy to [[David]], yet retaining in his breast that root of bitterness; vexed that when at last he had found [[David]], he could not find in his [[heart]] to destroy him, as he had designed. Malice often seems dead when it is only asleep, and will revive with double force. Yet, whether the [[Lord]] bind men's hands, or affect their hearts, so that they do not hurt us, the deliverance is equally from him; it is an evidence of his love, and an earnest of our [[salvation]], and should make us thankful.
----
'''Chapter''' 25
''Chapter Outline''
Death of [[Samuel]].
(1)
[[David]]'s request; Nabal's churlish refusal.
(2-11)
[[David]]'s intention to destroy Nabal.
(12-17)
[[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] takes a present to [[David]].
(18-31)
He is pacified, Nabal dies.
(32-39)
[[David]] takes [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] to wife.
(39-44)
'''Verse''' 1
All [[Israel]] lamented [[Samuel]], and they had reason. He prayed daily for them. Those have hard hearts, who can bury faithful ministers without grief; who do not feel their loss of those who have prayed for them, and taught them the way of the [[Lord]].
'''Verses''' 2-11
We should not have heard of Nabal, if nothing had passed between him and [[David]]. Observe his name, Nabal, "A fool;" so it signifies. Riches make men look great in the eye of the world; but to one that takes right views, Nabal looked very mean. He had no honour or honesty; he was churlish, cross, and ill-humoured; evil in his doings, hard and oppressive; a man that cared not what fraud and violence he used in getting and saving. What little reason have we to value the wealth of this world, when so great a churl as Nabal abounds, and so good a man as [[David]] suffers want!, [[David]] pleaded the kindness Nabal's shepherds had received. Considering that [[David]]'s men were in distress and debt, and discontented, and the scarcity of provisions, it was by good management that they were kept from plundering. Nabal went into a passion, as covetous men are apt to do, when asked for any thing, thinking thus to cover one [[sin]] with another; and, by abusing the poor, to excuse themselves from relieving them. But [[God]] will not thus be mocked. Let this help us to bear reproaches and misrepresentations with patience and cheerfulness, and make us easy under them; it has often been the lot of the excellent ones of the earth. Nabal insists much on the property he had in the provisions of his table. May he not do what he will with his own? We mistake, if we think we are absolute lords of what we have, and may do what we please with it. No; we are but stewards, and must use it as we are directed, remembering it is not our own, but His who intrusted us with it.
'''Verses''' 12-17
[[God]] is kind to the evil and unthankful, and why may not we be so? [[David]] determined to destroy Nabal, and all that belonged to him. Is this thy voice, O [[David]]? Has he been so long in the school of affliction, where he should have learned patience, and yet is so passionate? He at other times was calm and considerate, but is put into such a heat by a few hard words, that he seeks to destroy a whole family. What are the best of men, when [[God]] leaves them to themselves, that they may know what is in their hearts? What need to pray, [[Lord]], lead us not into temptation!
'''Verses''' 18-31
By a present [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] atoned for Nabal's denial of [[David]]'s request. Her behaviour was very submissive. Yielding pacifies great offences. She puts herself in the place of a penitent, and of a petitioner. She could not excuse her husband's conduct. She depends not upon her own reasonings, but on [[God]]'s grace, to soften [[David]], and expects that grace would work powerfully. She says that it was below him to take vengeance on so weak and despicable an enemy as Nabal, who, as he would do him no kindness, so he could do him no hurt. She foretells the glorious end of [[David]]'s present troubles. [[God]] will preserve thy life; therefore it becomes not thee unjustly and unnecessarily to take away the lives of any, especially of the people of thy [[God]] and [[Saviour]]. [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] keeps this argument for the last, as very powerful with so good a man; that the less he indulged his passion, the more he consulted his [[peace]] and the repose of his own conscience. Many have done that in a heat, which they have a thousand times wished undone again. The sweetness of revenge is soon turned into bitterness. When tempted to [[sin]], we should consider how it will appear when we think upon it afterwards.
'''Verses''' 32-39
[[David]] gives [[God]] thanks for sending him this happy check in a sinful way. Whoever meet us with counsel, direction, comfort, caution, or seasonable reproof, we must see [[God]] sending them. We ought to be very thankful for those happy providences which are the means of keeping us from sinning. Most people think it enough, if they take reproof patiently; but few will take it thankfully, and commend those who give it, and accept it as a favour. The nearer we are to committing [[sin]], the greater is the [[mercy]] of a seasonable restraint. Sinners are often most secure when most in danger. He was very drunk. A sign he was Nabal, a fool, that could not use plenty without abusing it; who could not be pleasant with his friends without making a beast of himself. There is not a surer sign that a man has but little wisdom, nor a surer way to destroy the little he has, than drinking to excess. Next morning, how he is changed! His [[heart]] overnight merry with wine, next morning heavy as a stone; so deceitful are carnal pleasures, so soon passes the laughter of the fool; the end of that mirth is heaviness. Drunkards are sad, when they reflect upon their own folly. About ten days after, the [[Lord]] smote Nabal, that he died. [[David]] blessed [[God]] that he had been kept from killing Nabal. Worldly sorrow, mortified pride, and an affrighted conscience, sometimes end the joys of the sensualist, and separate the covetous man from his wealth; but, whatever the weapon, the [[Lord]] smites men with [[death]] when it pleases him.
'''Verses''' 39-44
[[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] believed that [[David]] would be king over [[Israel]], and greatly esteemed his pious and excellent character. She deemed his proposal of [[marriage]] honourable, and advantageous to her, notwithstanding his present difficulties. With great humility, and doubtless agreeably to the customs of those times, she consented, being willing to share his trails. Thus those who join themselves to [[Christ]], must be willing now to suffer with him, believing that hereafter they shall reign with him.
----
'''Chapter''' 26
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]goes after [[David]], who again spares Saul's life.
(1-12)
[[David]] exhorts Saul.
(13-20)
[[Saul]]acknowledges his sin.
(21-25)
'''Verses''' 1-12
How soon do unholy hearts lose the good impressions convictions have made upon them! How helpless were [[Saul]]and all his men! All as though disarmed and chained, yet nothing is done to them; they are only asleep. How easily can [[God]] weaken the strongest, befool the wisest, and baffle the most watchful! [[David]] still resolved to wait till [[God]] thought fit to avenge him on Saul. He will by no means force his way to the promised crown by any wrong methods. The [[temptation]] was very strong; but if he yielded, he would [[sin]] against [[God]], therefore he resisted the temptation, and trusted [[God]] with the event.
'''Verses''' 13-20
[[David]] reasoned seriously and affectionately with Saul. Those who forbid our attendance on [[God]]'s ordinances, do what they can to estrange us from [[God]], and to make us heathens. We are to reckon that which exposes us to [[sin]] the greatest injury that can be done us. If the [[Lord]] stirred thee up against me, either in displeasure to me, taking this way to punish me for my sins against him, or in displeasure to thee, if it be the effect of that evil spirit from the [[Lord]] which troubles thee; let Him accept an offering from us both. Let us join in seeking [[peace]], and to be reconciled with [[God]] by sacrifice.
'''Verses''' 21-25
[[Saul]]repeated his good words and good wishes. But he showed no evidence of true [[Repentance|repentance]] towards [[God]]. [[David]] and [[Saul]]parted to meet no more. No reconciliation among men is firm, which is not founded in an cemented by [[peace]] with [[God]] through [[Jesus]] [[Christ]]. In sinning against [[God]], men play the fool, and err exceedingly. Many obtain a passing view of these truths, who hate and close their eyes against the light. Fair professions do not entitle those to confidence who have long sinned against the light, yet the confessions of obstinate sinners may satisfy us that we are in the right way, and encourage us to persevere, expecting our recompence from the [[Lord]] alone.
----
'''Chapter''' 27
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] retires to Gath.
(1-7)
[[David]] deceives Achish.
(8-12)
'''Verses''' 1-7
Unbelief is a [[sin]] that easily besets even good men, when without are fightings, and within are fears; and it is a hard matter to get over them. [[Lord]], increase our faith! We may blush to think that the word of a Philistine should go further than the word of an [[Israel]]ite, and that the city of Gath should be a place of refuge for a good man, when the cities of [[Israel]] refuse him a safe abode. [[David]] gained a comfortable settlement, not only at a distance from Gath, but bordering upon [[Israel]], where he might keep up a correspondence with his own countrymen.
'''Verses''' 8-12
While [[David]] was in the land of the [[Philistines]], he attacked some remains of the devoted nations. The people whom he cut off were long before doomed to destruction. It is often wisdom to shun public notice, but we must in no situation be idle. We must always try to do somewhat in the cause of [[God]]. This expedition [[David]] hid from Achish. But an equivocation which serves the purpose of a lie, is as like to it as a hypocrite is to a profane person, it is only better in appearance, therefore more dangerous. Yet, though [[believer]]s often manifest imperfections, they can never be prevailed upon to renounce the service of [[God]], and to unite interests with his enemies, or finally to become the servants of [[sin]] and [[Satan]]. But what a train of evils follow from unbelief! When we forget the [[Lord]]'s past mercies, and his gracious assurances, we shall be overwhelmed with desponding fears, and probably be led to adopt some dishonourable method to get rid of our troubles. Nothing can so effectually establish us in holy tempers and practices, and preserve us from perplexities, as firm, unshaken dependence upon the promises of [[God]] in [[Jesus Christ|Christ Jesus]].
----
'''Chapter''' 28
''Chapter Outline''
Achish puts confidence in [[David]], Saul's fear.
(1-6)
[[Saul]]consults a witch at Endor.
(7-19)
Saul's terror.
(20-25)
'''Verses''' 1-6
[[David]] could not refuse Achish without danger. If he promised assistance, and then stood neuter, or went over to the [[Israelites]], he would behave with ingratitude and treachery. If he fought against [[Israel]], he would [[sin]] greatly. It seemed impossible that he should get out of this difficulty with a clear conscience; but his evasive answer, intended to gain time, was not consistent with the character of an [[Israel]]ite indeed. Troubles are terrors to the [[children]] of disobedience. In his distress, [[Saul]]inquired of the [[Lord]]. He did not seek in faith, but with a double, unstable mind. [[Saul]]had put the law in force against those that had familiar spirits, Ex 22:18. Many seem zealous against, [[sin]], when they are any way hurt by it, who have no concern for the [[glory]] of [[God]], nor any dislike of [[sin]] as sin. Many seem enemies to sin in others, while they indulge it in themselves. [[Saul]]will drive the devil out of his kingdom, yet harbours him in his [[heart]] by envy and malice. How foolish to consult those whom, according to [[God]]'s law, he had endeavoured to root out!
'''Verses''' 7-19
When we go from the plain path of duty, every thing draws us further aside, and increases our perplexity and temptation. [[Saul]]desires the woman to bring one from the dead, with whom he wished to speak; this was expressly forbidden, De 18:11. All real or pretended witchcraft or conjuration, is a malicious or an ignorant attempt to gain knowledge or help from some creature, when it cannot be had from the [[Lord]] in the path of duty. While [[Samuel]] was living, we never read of Saul's going to advise with him in any difficulties; it had been well for him if he had. But now he is dead, "Bring me up [[Samuel]]." Many who despise and persecute [[God]]'s saints and ministers when living, would be glad to have them again, when they are gone. The whole shows that it was no human fraud or trick. Though the woman could not cause [[Samuel]]'s being sent, yet Saul's inquiry might be the occasion of it. The woman's surprise and terror proved that it was an unusual and unexpected appearance. [[Saul]]had despised [[Samuel]]'s solemn warnings in his lifetime, yet now that he hoped, as in defiance of [[God]], to obtain some counsel and encouragement from him, might not [[God]] permit the soul of his departed prophet to appear to Saul, to confirm his former sentence, and denounce his doom? The expression, "Thou and thy sons shall be with me," means no more than that they shall be in the eternal world. There appears much solemnity in [[God]]'s permitting the soul of a departed prophet to come as a witness from heaven, to confirm the word he had spoken on earth.
'''Verses''' 20-25
Those that expect any good counsel or comfort, otherwise than from [[God]], and in the way of his institutions, will be as wretchedly disappointed as Saul. Though terrified even to despair, he was not humbled. He confessed not his sins, offered no sacrifices, and presented no supplications. He does not seem to have cared about his sons or his people, or to have attempted any escape; but in sullen despair he rushed upon his doom. [[God]] sets up a few such beacons, to warn men not to stifle convictions, or despise his word. But while one repenting thought remains, let no sinner suppose himself in this case. Let him humble himself before [[God]], determined to live and die beseeching his favour, and he will succeed.
----
'''Chapter''' 29
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] objected to by the [[Philistines]].
(1-5)
He is dismissed by Achish.
(6-11)
'''Verses''' 1-5
[[David]] waited with a secret [[hope]] that the [[Lord]] would help him out of his difficulty. But he seems to have been influenced too much by the fear of man, in consenting to attend Achish. It is hard to come near to the brink of [[sin]], and not to fall in. [[God]] inclined the princes of the [[Philistines]] to oppose [[David]]'s being employed in the battle. Thus their dislike befriended him, when no friend could do him such a kindness.
'''Verses''' 6-11
[[David]] scarcely ever had a greater deliverance than when dismissed from such insnaring service. [[God]]'s people should always behave themselves so, as, if possible, to get the good word of all they have dealings with: and it is due to those who have acted well, to speak well of them.
----
'''Chapter''' 30
''Chapter Outline''
Ziklag spoiled by the Amalekites.
(1-6)
[[David]] overtakes the Amalekites.
(7-15)
He recovers what had been lost.
(16-20)
[[David]]'s distribution of the spoil.
(21-31)
'''Verses''' 1-6
When we go abroad in the way of our duty, we may comfortably [[hope]] that [[God]] will take care of our families in our absence, but not otherwise. If, when we come off a journey, we find our abode in [[peace]], and not laid waste, as [[David]] here found his, let the [[Lord]] be praised for it. [[David]]'s men murmured against him. Great [[faith]] must expect such severe trials. But, observe, that [[David]] was brought thus low, only just before he was raised to the throne. When things are at the worst with the [[church]] and people of [[God]], then they begin to mend. [[David]] encouraged himself in the [[Lord]] his [[God]]. His men fretted at their loss, the soul of the people was bitter; their own discontent and impatience added to the affliction and misery. But [[David]] bore it better, though he had more reason than any of them to lament it. They gave liberty to their passions, but he set his graces to work; and while they dispirited each other, he, by encouraging himself in [[God]], kept his spirit calm. Those who have taken the [[Lord]] for their [[God]], may take encouragement from him in the worst times.
'''Verses''' 7-15
If in all our ways, even when, as in this case, there can be no doubt they are just, we acknowledge [[God]], we may expect that he will direct our steps, as he did those of [[David]]. [[David]], in tenderness to his men, would by no means urge them beyond their strength. The Son of [[David]] thus considers the frames of his followers, who are not all alike strong and vigorous in their spiritual pursuits and conflicts; but, where we are weak, there he is kind; nay more, there he is strong, 2Co 12:9, 10. A poor [[Egypt]]ian lad, scarcely alive, is made the means of a great deal of good to [[David]]. Justly did Providence make this poor servant, who was basely used by his master, an instrument in the destruction of the Amalekites; for [[God]] hears the cry of the oppressed. Those are unworthy the name of true [[Israelites]], who shut up their compassion from persons in distress. We should neither do an injury nor deny a kindness to any man; some time or other it may be in the power of the lowest to return a kindness or an injury.
'''Verses''' 16-20
Sinners are nearest to ruin, when they cry, Peace and safety, and put the evil day far from them. Nor does any thing give our spiritual enemies more advantage than sensuality and indulgence. Eating and drinking, and dancing, have been the soft and pleasant way in which many have gone down to the congregation of the dead. The spoil was recovered, and brought off; nothing was lost, but a great deal gained.
'''Verses''' 21-31
What [[God]] gives us, he designs we should do good with. In distributing the spoil, [[David]] was just and kind. Those are men of Belial indeed, who delight in putting hardships upon their brethren, and care not who is starved, so that they may be fed to the full. [[David]] was generous and kind to all his friends. Those who consider the [[Lord]] as the Giver of their abundance, will dispose of it with fairness and liberality.
----
'''Chapter''' 31
''Chapter Outline''
Saul's defeat and death.
(1-7)
Saul's body rescued by the men of Jabesh-gilead.
(8-13)
'''Verses''' 1-7
We cannot judge of the spiritual or eternal state of any by the manner of their death; for in that, there is one event to the righteous and to the wicked. Saul, when sorely wounded, and unable to resist or to flee, expressed no concern about his never-dying soul; but only desired that the [[Philistines]] might not insult over him, or put him to pain, and he became his own murderer. As it is the grand deceit of the devil, to persuade sinners, under great difficulties, to fly to this last act of desperation, it is well to fortify the mind against it, by a serious consideration of its sinfulness before [[God]], and its miserable consequences in society. But our security is not in ourselves. Let us seek protection from Him who keepeth [[Israel]]. Let us watch and pray; and take unto us the whole armour of [[God]], that we may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.
'''Verses''' 8-13
The Scripture makes no mention what became of the souls of [[Saul]]and his sons, after they were dead; but of their bodies only: secret things belong not to us. It is of little consequence by what means we die, or what is done with our dead bodies. If our souls are saved, our bodies will be raised incorruptible and glorious; but not to [[fear]] His wrath, who is able to destroy both body and soul in hell, is the extreme of folly and wickedness. How useless is the respect of fellow-creatures to those who are suffering the wrath of [[God]]! While pompous funerals, grand monuments, and he praises of men, honour the memory of the deceased, the soul may be suffering in the regions of darkness and despair! Let us seek that honour which cometh from [[God]] only.
{{mhc bottom}}
topic_name = Matthew Henry Concise Bible Commentary : 1 Samuel |
subtopics = [[Samuel]]
* [[King Saul]]
* [[King David]] |
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}
* [[Text:EBD:Samuel, Books of|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Samuel]] |
}}
Read the book of [[1 Samuel]] from the [[Holy Bible|Bible]]
{{chapters}}
[[1 Samuel 1|1]]
[[1 Samuel 2|2]]
[[1 Samuel 3|3]]
[[1 Samuel 4|4]]
[[1 Samuel 5|5]]
[[1 Samuel 6|6]]
[[1 Samuel 7|7]]
[[1 Samuel 8|8]]
[[1 Samuel 9|9]]
[[1 Samuel 10|10]]
[[1 Samuel 11|11]]
[[1 Samuel 12|12]]
[[1 Samuel 13|13]]
[[1 Samuel 14|14]]
[[1 Samuel 15|15]]
[[1 Samuel 16|16]]
[[1 Samuel 17|17]]
[[1 Samuel 18|18]]
[[1 Samuel 19|19]]
[[1 Samuel 20|20]]
[[1 Samuel 21|21]]
[[1 Samuel 22|22]]
[[1 Samuel 23|23]]
[[1 Samuel 24|24]]
[[1 Samuel 25|25]]
[[1 Samuel 26|26]]
[[1 Samuel 27|27]]
[[1 Samuel 28|28]]
[[1 Samuel 29|29]]
[[1 Samuel 30|30]]
[[1 Samuel 31|31]]
==Commentary==
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[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 16|16]]
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[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 27|27]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 28|28]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 29|29]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 30|30]]
[[Text:MHC Concise 1 Samuel 31|31]]
{{mhc import}}
'''Commentary on the [[1 Samuel|First Book of Samuel]]'''
In this book we have an account of Eli, and the wickedness of his sons; also of [[Samuel]], his character and actions. Then of the advancement of [[Saul]]to be the king of [[Israel]], and his ill behaviour, until his death made way for [[David]]'s succession to the throne, who was an eminent type of [[Christ]]. [[David]]'s patience, modesty, constancy, persecution by open enemies and feigned friends, are a pattern and example to the [[church]], and to every member of it. Many things in this book encourage the faith, hope, and patience of the suffering [[believer]]. It contains also many useful cautions and awful warnings.
----
'''Chapter''' 1
''Chapter Outline''
Elkanah and his family.
(1-8)
Hannah's [[prayer]].
(9-18)
[[Samuel]], Hannah presents him to the [[Lord]].
(19-28)
'''Verses''' 1-8
Elkanah kept up his attendance at [[God]]'s altar, notwithstanding the unhappy differences in his family. If the devotions of a family prevail not to put an end to its divisions, yet let not the divisions put a stop to the devotions. To abate our just [[love]] to any relation for the sake of any infirmity which they cannot help, and which is their affliction, is to make [[God]]'s providence quarrel with his precept, and very unkindly to add affliction to the afflicted. It is evidence of a base disposition, to delight in grieving those who are of a sorrowful spirit, and in putting those out of humour who are apt to fret and be uneasy. We ought to bear one another's burdens, not add to them. Hannah could not bear the provocation. Those who are of a fretful spirit, and are apt to lay provocations too much to heart, are enemies to themselves, and strip themselves of many comforts both of life and [[godliness]]. We ought to notice comforts, to keep us from grieving for crosses. We should look at that which is for us, as well as what is against us.
'''Verses''' 9-18
Hannah mingled tears with her [[prayer]]s; she considered the [[mercy]] of our [[God]], who knows the troubled soul. [[God]] gives us leave, in [[prayer]], not only to ask good things in general, but to mention that special good thing we most need and desire. She spoke softly, none could hear her. Hereby she testified her belief of [[God]]'s knowledge of the [[heart]] and its desires. Eli was high priest, and judge in [[Israel]]. It ill becomes us to be rash and hasty in censures of others, and to think people guilty of bad things while the matter is doubtful and unproved. Hannah did not retort the charge, and upbraid Eli with the wicked conduct of his own sons. When we are at any time unjustly censured, we have need to set a double watch before the door of our lips, that we do not return censure for censure. Hannah thought it enough to clear herself, and so must we. Eli was willing to acknowledge his mistake. Hannah went away with satisfaction of mind. She had herself by [[prayer]] committed her case to [[God]], and Eli had prayed for her. Prayer is heart's ease to a gracious soul. Prayer will smooth the countenance; it should do so. None will long remain miserable, who use aright the privilege of going to the [[mercy]]-seat of a reconciled [[God]] in [[Jesus Christ|Christ Jesus]].
'''Verses''' 19-28
Elkanah and his family had a journey before them, and a family of [[children]] to take with them, yet they would not move till they had worshipped [[God]] together. Prayer and provender do not hinder a journey. When men are in such haste to set out upon journeys, or to engage in business, that they have not time to [[worship]] [[God]], they are likely to proceed without his presence and blessing. Hannah, though she felt a warm regard for the courts of [[God]]'s house, begged to stay at home. [[God]] will have [[mercy]], and not sacrifice. Those who are detained from public ordinances, by the nursing and tending of little children, may take comfort from this instance, and believe, that if they do that duty in a right spirit, [[God]] will graciously accept them therein. Hannah presented her child to the [[Lord]] with a grateful acknowledgment of his goodness in answer to [[prayer]]. Whatever we give to [[God]], it is what we have first asked and received from him. All our gifts to him were first his gifts to us. The child [[Samuel]] early showed true piety. Little [[children]] should be taught to [[worship]] [[God]] when very young. Their parents should teach them in it, bring them to it, and put them on doing it as well as they can; [[God]] will graciously accept them, and will teach them to do better.
----
'''Chapter''' 2
''Chapter Outline''
Hannah's song of thanksgiving.
(1-10)
The wickedness of Eli's sons, [[Samuel]]'s ministry.
(11-26)
The prophecy against Eli's family.
(27-36)
'''Verses''' 1-10
Hannah's [[heart]] [[rejoice]]d, not in [[Samuel]], but in the [[Lord]]. She looks beyond the gift, and praises the Giver. She [[rejoice]]d in the [[salvation]] of the [[Lord]], and in expectation of His coming, who is the whole [[salvation]] of his people. The strong are soon weakened, and the weak are soon strengthened, when [[God]] pleases. Are we poor? [[God]] made us poor, which is a good reason why we should be content, and make up our minds to our condition. Are we rich? [[God]] made us rich, which is a good reason why we should be thankful, and serve him cheerfully, and do good with the abundance he gives us. He respects not man's wisdom or fancied excellences, but chooses those whom the [[world]] accounts foolish, teaching them to feel their guilt, and to value his free and precious [[salvation]]. This prophecy looks to the kingdom of [[Christ]], that kingdom of grace, of which Hannah speaks, after having spoken largely of the kingdom of providence. And here is the first time that we meet with the name MESSIAH, or his Anointed. The subjects of [[Christ]]'s kingdom will be safe, and the enemies of it will be ruined; for the Anointed, the [[Lord]] [[Christ]], is able to save, and to destroy.
'''Verses''' 11-26
[[Samuel]], being devoted to the [[Lord]] in a special manner, was from a child employed about the sanctuary in the services he was capable of. As he did this with a pious disposition of mind, it was called ministering unto the [[Lord]]. He received a blessing from the [[Lord]]. Those young people who serve [[God]] as well as they can, he will enable to improve, that they may serve him better. Eli shunned trouble and exertion. This led him to indulge his children, without using parental authority to restrain and correct them when young. He winked at the abuses in the service of the sanctuary till they became customs, and led to abominations; and his sons, who should have taught those that engaged in the service of the sanctuary what was good, solicited them to wickedness. Their offence was committed even in offering the sacrifices for sins, which typified the atonement of the [[Saviour]]! Sins against the remedy, the atonement itself, are most dangerous, they tread under foot the blood of the covenant. Eli's reproof was far too mild and gentle. In general, none are more abandoned than the degenerate [[children]] of godly persons, when they break through restraints.
'''Verses''' 27-36
Those who allow their [[children]] in any evil way, and do not use their authority to restrain and punish them, in effect honour them more than [[God]]. Let Eli's example excite parents earnestly to strive against the beginnings of wickedness, and to train up their [[children]] in the nurture and admonition of the [[Lord]]. In the midst of the sentence against the house of Eli, [[mercy]] is promised to [[Israel]]. [[God]]'s work shall never fall to the ground for want of hands to carry it on. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] is that merciful and faithful High Priest, whom [[God]] raised up when the Levitical priesthood was thrown off, who in all things did his Father's mind, and for whom [[God]] will build a sure house, build it on a rock, so that hell cannot prevail against it.
----
'''Chapter''' 3
''Chapter Outline''
The word of the [[Lord]] first revealed to [[Samuel]].
(1-10)
[[God]] tells [[Samuel]] the destruction of Eli's house.
(11-18)
[[Samuel]] established to be a prophet.
(19-21)
'''Verses''' 1-10
The call which [[Divine]] [[grace]] designs shall be made effectual; will be repeated till it is so, till we come to the call. Eli, perceiving that it was the voice of [[God]] that [[Samuel]] heard, instructed him what to say. Though it was a disgrace to Eli, for [[God]]'s call to be directed to [[Samuel]], yet he told him how to meet it. Thus the elder should do their utmost to assist and improve the younger that are rising up. Let us never fail to teach those who are coming after us, even such as will soon be preferred before us, Joh 1:30. Good words should be put into children's mouths betimes, by which they may be prepared to learn [[Divine]] things, and be trained up to regard them.
'''Verses''' 11-18
What a great deal of guilt and corruption is there in us, concerning which we may say, It is the iniquity which our own [[heart]] knoweth; we are conscious to ourselves of it! Those who do not restrain the sins of others, when it is in their power to do it, make themselves partakers of the guilt, and will be charged as joining in it. In his remarkable answer to this awful sentence, Eli acknowledged that the [[Lord]] had a right to do as he saw good, being assured that he would do nothing wrong. The meekness, patience, and humility contained in those words, show that he was truly repentant; he accepted the punishment of his sin.
'''Verses''' 19-21
All increase in wisdom and grace, is owing to the presence of [[God]] with us. [[God]] will graciously repeat his visits to those who receive them aright. Early piety will be the greatest honour of young people. Those who honour [[God]] he will honour. Let young people consider the piety of [[Samuel]], and from him they will learn to remember their Creator in the days of their youth. Young [[children]] are capable of [[religion]]. [[Samuel]] is a proof that their waiting upon the [[Lord]] will be pleasing to him. He is a pattern of all those amiable tempers, which are the brightest ornament of youth, and a sure source of happiness.
----
'''Chapter''' 4
''Chapter Outline''
The [[Israelites]] overcome by the [[Philistines]].
(1-9)
The ark taken.
(10, 11)
The [[death]] of Eli.
(12-18)
The birth of Ichabod.
(19-22)
'''Verses''' 1-9
[[Israel]] is smitten before the [[Philistines]]. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of [[God]] in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his [[heart]] frets against the [[Lord]], Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige [[God]] to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of [[religion]], sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, [[God]]'s throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.
'''Verses''' 10, 11
The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon [[Israel]], and a certain token of [[God]]'s displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of [[God]], under the cloak of outward profession.
'''Verses''' 12-18
The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the [[death]] of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, "The ark of [[God]] is taken," he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be [[peace]].
'''Verses''' 19-22
The wife of Phinehas seems to have been a person of piety. Her dying regret was for the loss of the ark, and the departure of the [[glory]] from [[Israel]]. What is any earthly [[joy]] to her that feels herself dying? No joy but that which is spiritual and divine, will stand in any stead then; [[death]] is too serious a thing to admit the relish of any earthly joy. What is it to one that is lamenting the loss of the ark? What pleasure can we take in our creature comforts and enjoyments, if we want [[God]]'s word and ordinances; especially if we want the comfort of his gracious presence, and the light of his countenance? If [[God]] go, the [[glory]] goes, and all good goes. Woe unto us if he depart! But though the [[glory]] is withdrawn from one sinful nation, city, or village after another, yet it shall never depart altogether, but shines forth in one place when eclipsed in another.
----
'''Chapter''' 5
''Chapter Outline''
Dagon is broken before the ark.
(1-5)
The Philistine smitten.
(6-12)
'''Verses''' 1-5
See the ark's triumph over Dagon. Thus the kingdom of [[Satan]] will certainly fall before the kingdom of [[Christ]], error before truth, profaneness before [[godliness]], and corruption before [[grace]] in the hearts of the faithful. When the interests of [[religion]] seem to be ready to sink, even then we may be confident that the day of their triumph will come. When [[Christ]], the true Ark of the covenant, really enters the [[heart]] of fallen man, which is indeed [[Satan]]'s temple, all [[idols]] will fall, every endeavour to set them up again will be vain, [[sin]] will be forsaken, and unrighteous gain restored; the [[Lord]] will claim and possess the throne. But pride, self-love, and worldly lusts, though dethroned and crucified, still remain within us, like the stump of Dagon. Let us watch and pray that they may not prevail. Let us seek to have them more entirely destroyed.
'''Verses''' 6-12
The hand of the [[Lord]] was heavy upon the [[Philistines]]; he not only convinced them of their folly, but severely chastised their insolence. Yet they would not renounce Dagon; and instead of seeking [[God]]'s [[mercy]], they desired to get clear of his ark. Carnal hearts, when they smart under the judgments of [[God]], would rather, if it were possible, put him far from them, than enter into covenant or communion with him, and seek him for their friend. But their devices to escape the [[Divine]] judgments only increase them. Those that fight against [[God]] will soon have enough of it.
----
'''Chapter''' 6
''Chapter Outline''
The [[Philistines]] consult how to send back the ark.
(1-9)
They bring it to Bethshemesh.
(10-18)
The people smitten for looking into the ark.
(19-21)
'''Verses''' 1-9
Seven months the [[Philistines]] were punished with the presence of the ark; so long it was a plague to them, because they would not send it home sooner. Sinners lengthen out their own miseries by refusing to part with their sins. The [[Israelites]] made no effort to recover the ark. Alas! where shall we find concern for [[religion]] prevail above all other matters? In times of public calamity we [[fear]] for ourselves, for our families, and for our country; but who cares for the ark of [[God]]? We are favoured with the [[gospel]], but it is treated with neglect or contempt. We need not wonder if it should be taken from us; to many persons this, though the heavies of calamities, would occasion no grief. There are multitudes whom any profession would please as well as that of [[Christianity]]. But there are those who value the house, the word, and the ministry of [[God]] above their richest possessions, who dread the loss of these blessings more than death. How willing bad men are to shift off their convictions, and when they are in trouble, to believe it is a chance that happens; and that the rod has no voice which they should hear or heed!
'''Verses''' 10-18
These two kine knew their owner, their great Owner, whom Hophin and Phinehas knew not. [[God]]'s providence takes notice even of brute creatures, and serves its own purposes by them. When the reapers saw the ark, they [[rejoice]]d; their [[joy]] for that was greater than the [[joy]] of harvest. The return of the ark, and the revival of holy ordinances, after days of restraint and trouble, are matters of great joy.
'''Verses''' 19-21
It is a great affront to [[God]], for vain men to pry into, and meddle with the secret things which belong not to them, De 29:29; Col 2:18. Man was ruined by desiring forbidden knowledge. [[God]] will not suffer his ark to be profaned. Be not deceived, [[God]] is not mocked. Those that will not [[fear]] his goodness, and reverently use the tokens of his grace, shall be made to feel his justice. The number smitten is expressed in an unusual manner in the original, and it is probable that it means 1170. They desire to be rid of the ark. Foolish men run from one extreme to the other. They should rather have asked, How may we have [[peace]] with [[God]], and recover his favor? Mic 6:6, 7. Thus, when the word of [[God]] works with terror on sinners' consciences, they, instead of taking the blame and shame to themselves, quarrel with the word, and put that from them. Many stifle their convictions, and put [[salvation]] away from them.
----
'''Chapter''' 7
''Chapter Outline''
The ark removed to Kirjath-jearim.
(1-4)
The [[Israelites]] solemnly repent.
(5, 6)
The [[Lord]] discomfits the [[Philistines]].
(7-12)
They are subdued, [[Samuel]] judges [[Israel]].
(13-17)
'''Verses''' 1-4
[[God]] will find a resting-place for his ark; if some thrust it from them, the hearts of others shall be inclined to receive it. It is no new thing for [[God]]'s ark to be in a private house. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] and his apostles preached from house to house, when they could not have public places. Twenty years passed before the house of [[Israel]] cared for the want of the ark. During this time the prophet [[Samuel]] laboured to revive true [[religion]]. The few words used are very expressive; and this was one of the most effectual revivals of [[religion]] which ever took place in [[Israel]].
'''Verses''' 5, 6
[[Israel]] drew water and poured it out before the [[Lord]]; signifying their humiliation and sorrow for sin. They pour out their hearts in [[Repentance|repentance]] before the [[Lord]]. They were free and full in their confession, and fixed in their resolution to cast away from them all their wrong doings. They made a public confession, We have sinned against the [[Lord]]; thus giving [[glory]] to [[God]], and taking shame to themselves. And if we thus confess our sins, we shall find our [[God]] faithful and just to forgive us our sins.
'''Verses''' 7-12
The [[Philistines]] invaded [[Israel]]. When sinners begin to repent and reform, they must expect that [[Satan]] will muster all his force against them, and set his instruments at work to the utmost, to oppose and discourage them. The [[Israelites]] earnestly beg [[Samuel]] to pray for them. Oh what a comfort it is to all [[believer]]s, that our great Intercessor above never ceases, is never silent! for he always appears in the presence of [[God]] for us. [[Samuel]]'s sacrifice, without his [[prayer]], had been an empty shadow. [[God]] gave a gracious answer. And [[Samuel]] erected a memorial of this victory, to the [[glory]] of [[God]], and to encourage [[Israel]]. Through successive generations, the [[church]] of [[God]] has had cause to set up Eben-ezers for renewed deliverances; neither outward persecutions nor inward corruptions have prevailed against her, because "hitherto the [[Lord]] hath helped her:" and he will help, even to the end of the world.
'''Verses''' 13-17
In this great revival of true [[religion]], the ark was neither removed to Shiloh, nor placed with the tabernacle any where else. This disregard to the Levitical institutions showed that their typical meaning formed their chief use; and when that was overlooked, they became a lifeless service, not to be compared with repentance, faith, and the [[love]] of [[God]] and man.
----
'''Chapter''' 8
''Chapter Outline''
The evil government of [[Samuel]]'s sons.
(1-3)
The [[Israelites]] ask for a king.
(4-9)
The manner of a king.
(10-22)
'''Verses''' 1-3
It does not appear that [[Samuel]]'s sons were so profane and vicious as Eli's sons; but they were corrupt judges, they turned aside after lucre. [[Samuel]] took no bribes, but his sons did, and then they perverted judgment. What added to the grievance of the people was, that they were threatened by an invasion from Nahash, king of the Ammonites.
'''Verses''' 4-9
[[Samuel]] was displeased; he could patiently bear what reflected on himself, and his own family; but it displeased him when they said, Give us a king to judge us, because that reflected upon [[God]]. It drove him to his knees. When any thing disturbs us, it is our interest, as well as our duty, to show our trouble before [[God]]. [[Samuel]] is to tell them that they shall have a king. Not that [[God]] was pleased with their request, but as sometimes he opposes us from loving-kindness, so at other times he gratifies us in wrath; he did so here. [[God]] knows how to bring glory to himself, and serves his own wise purposes, even by men's foolish counsels.
'''Verses''' 10-22
If they would have a king to rule them, as the eastern kings ruled their subjects, they would find the yoke exceedingly heavy. Those that submit to the government of the [[world]] and the flesh, are told plainly, what hard masters they are, and what tyranny the dominion of [[sin]] is. The law of [[God]] and the manner of men widely differ from each other; the former should be our rule in the several relations of life; the latter should be the measure of our expectations from others. These would be their grievances, and, when they complained to [[God]], he would not hear them. When we bring ourselves into distress by our own wrong desires and projects, we justly forfeit the comfort of [[prayer]], and the benefit of [[Divine]] aid. The people were obstinate and urgent in their demand. Sudden resolves and hasty desires make work for long and leisurely repentance. Our wisdom is, to be thankful for the advantages, and patient under the disadvantages of the government we may live under; and to pray continually for our rulers, that they may govern us in the [[fear]] of [[God]], and that we may live under them in all [[godliness]] and honesty. And it is a hopeful symptom when our desires of worldly objects can brook delay; and when we can refer the time and manner of their being granted to [[God]]'s providence.
----
'''Chapter''' 9
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]is brought to [[Samuel]].
(1-10)
[[Samuel]] told concerning Saul.
(11-17)
[[Samuel]]'s treatment of Saul.
(18-27)
'''Verses''' 1-10
[[Saul]]readily went to seek his father's asses. His obedience to his father was praise-worthy. His servant proposed, that since they were now at Ramah, they should call on [[Samuel]], and take his advice. Wherever we are, we should use our opportunities of acquainting ourselves with those who are wise and good. Many will consult a man of [[God]], if he comes in their way, that would not go a step out of their way to get wisdom. We sensibly feel worldly losses, and bestow much pains to make them up; but how little do we attempt, and how soon are we weary, in seeking the [[salvation]] of our souls! If ministers could tell men how to secure their property, or to get wealth, they would be more consulted and honoured than they now are, though employed in teaching them how to escape eternal misery, and to obtain [[eternal life]]. Most people would rather be told their fortune than their duty. [[Samuel]] needed not their money, nor would he have denied his advice, if they had not brought it; but they gave it to him as a token of respect, and of the value they put upon his office, and according to the general usage of those times, always to bring a present to those in authority.
'''Verses''' 11-17
The very maid-servants of the city could direct to the prophet. They had heard of the sacrifice, and could tell of the necessity for [[Samuel]]'s presence. It is no small benefit to live in religious and holy places. And we should always be ready to help those who are seeking after [[God]]'s prophets. Though [[God]] had, in displeasure, granted [[Israel]]'s request for a king, yet he sends them a man to be captain over them, to save them out of the hand of the [[Philistines]]. He does it, listening graciously to their cry.
'''Verses''' 18-27
[[Samuel]], that good prophet, was so far from envying Saul, or bearing him any ill-will, that he was the first and most forward to do him honour. Both that evening and early the next morning, [[Samuel]] communed with Saul upon the flat roof of the house. We may suppose [[Samuel]] now convinced [[Saul]]that he was the person [[God]] had fixed upon for the government, and of his own willingness to resign. How different are the purposes of the [[Lord]] for us, from our intentions for ourselves! Perhaps [[Saul]]was the only one who ever went out to seek asses, and literally found a kingdom; but many have set out and moved their dwellings to seek riches and pleasures, who have been guided to places where they found [[salvation]] for their souls. Thus they have met with those who addressed them as if aware of the secrets of their lives and hearts, and have been led seriously to regard the word of the [[Lord]]. If this has been our case, though our worldly plans have not prospered, let us not care for that; the [[Lord]] has given us, or has prepared us for, what is far better.
----
'''Chapter''' 10
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] anoints Saul.
(1-8)
[[Saul]]prophesies.
(9-16)
[[Saul]]chosen king.
(17-27)
'''Verses''' 1-8
The sacred anointing, then used, pointed at the great [[Messiah]], or Anointed One, the King of the [[church]], and High Priest of our profession, who was anointed with the oil of the [[Spirit]], not by measure, but without measure, and above all the priests and princes of the Jewish [[church]]. For Saul's further satisfaction, [[Samuel]] gives him some signs which should come to pass the same day. The first place he directs him to, was the sepulchre of one of his ancestors; there he must be reminded of his own mortality, and now that he had a crown before him, must think of his grave, in which all his honour would be laid in the dust. From the time of [[Samuel]] there appears to have been schools, or places where pious young men were brought up in the knowledge of [[Divine]] things. [[Saul]]should find himself strongly moved to join with them, and should be turned into another man from what he had been. The [[Spirit]] of [[God]] changes men, wonderfully transforms them. Saul, by praising [[God]] in the communion of saints, became another man, but it may be questioned if he became a new man.
'''Verses''' 9-16
The signs [[Samuel]] had given Saul, came to pass punctually; he found that [[God]] had given him another heart, another disposition of mind. Yet let not an outward show of devotion, and a sudden change for the present, be too much relied on; [[Saul]]among the prophets was [[Saul]]still. His being anointed was kept private. He leaves it to [[God]] to carry on his own work by [[Samuel]], and sits still, to see how the matter will fall.
'''Verses''' 17-27
[[Samuel]] tells the people, Ye have this day rejected your [[God]]. So little fond was [[Saul]]now of that power, which soon after, when he possessed it, he could not think of parting with, that he hid himself. It is good to be conscious of our unworthiness and insufficiency for the services to which we are called; but men should not go into the contrary extreme, by refusing the employments to which the [[Lord]] and the [[church]] call them. The greater part of the people treated the matter with indifference. [[Saul]]modestly went home to his own house, but was attended by a band of men whose hearts [[God]] disposed to support his authority. If the [[heart]] bend at any time the right way, it is because He has touched it. One touch is enough when it is Divine. Others despised him. Thus differently are men affected to our exalted [[Redeemer]]. There is a remnant who submit to him, and follow him wherever he goes; they are those whose hearts [[God]] has touched, whom he has made willing. But there are others who despise him, who ask, How shall this man save us? They are offended in him, and they will be punished.
----
'''Chapter''' 11
''Chapter Outline''
Jabesh-gilead delivered.
(1-11)
[[Saul]]confirmed in his kingdom.
(12-15)
'''Verses''' 1-11
The first fruit of Saul's government was the rescue of Jabesh-gilead from the Ammonites. To save their lives, men will part with liberty, and even consent to have their eyes put out; is it then no wisdom to part with that [[sin]] which is as dear to us as our right eye, rather than to be cast into hell-fire? See the [[faith]] and confidence of Saul, and, grounded thereon, his courage and resolution. See also his activity in this business. When the [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] comes upon men, it will make them expert, even without experience. When zeal for the [[glory]] of [[God]], and [[love]] for the brethren, urge men to earnest efforts, and when [[God]] is pleased to help, great effects may speedily be produced.
'''Verses''' 12-15
They now honoured [[Saul]]whom they had despised; and if an enemy be made a friend, that is more to our advantage than to have him slain. The once despised [[Saviour]] will at length be acknowledged by all as the [[Lord]]'s own anointed king. As yet, upon his [[mercy]]-seat, he receives the submission of rebels, and even pleads their cause; but shortly, from his righteous tribunal, he will condemn all who persist in opposing him.
----
'''Chapter''' 12
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] testifies his integrity.
(1-5)
[[Samuel]] reproves the people.
(6-15)
Thunder sent in harvest time.
(16-25)
'''Verses''' 1-5
[[Samuel]] not only cleared his own character, but set an example before Saul, while he showed the people their ingratitude to [[God]] and to himself. There is a just debt which all men to their own good name, especially men in public stations, which is, to guard it against unjust blame and suspicions, that they may finish their course with honour, as well as with joy. And that we have in our places lived honestly, will be our comfort, under any slights and contempt that may be put upon us.
'''Verses''' 6-15
The work of ministers is to reason with people; not only to exhort and direct, but to persuade, to convince men's judgments, and so to gain their wills and affections. [[Samuel]] reasons of the righteous acts of the [[Lord]]. Those who follow [[God]] faithfully, he will enable to continue following him. Disobedience would certainly be the ruin of [[Israel]]. We mistake if we think that we can escape [[God]]'s justice, by trying to shake off his dominion. If we resolve that [[God]] shall not rule us, yet he will judge us.
'''Verses''' 16-25
At [[Samuel]]'s word, [[God]] sent thunder and rain, at a season of the year when, in that country, the like was not seen. This was to convince them they had done wickedly in asking a king; not only by its coming at an unusual time, in wheat harvest, and on a clear day, but by the prophet's giving notice of it before. He showed their folly in desiring a king to save them, rather than [[God]], or [[Samuel]]; promising themselves more from an arm of flesh, than from the arm of [[God]], or from the power of [[prayer]]. Could their prince command such forces as the prophet could do by his [[prayer]]s? It startled them very much. Some will not be brought to see their sins by any gentler methods than storms and thunders. They entreat [[Samuel]] to pray for them. Now they see their need of him whom shortly before they slighted. Thus many who will not have [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] to reign over them, would yet be glad to have him intercede for them, to turn away the wrath of [[God]]. [[Samuel]] aims to confirm the people in their [[religion]]. Whatever we make a god of, we shall find it deceive us. Creatures in their own places are good; but when put in [[God]]'s place, they are vain things. We [[sin]] if we restrain [[prayer]], and in particular if we cease praying for the [[church]]. They only asked him to pray for them; but he promises to do more, to teach them. He urges that they were bound in gratitude to serve [[God]], considering what great things he had done for them; and that they were bound in interest to serve him, considering what he would do against them, if they should still do wickedly. Thus, as a faithful watchman, he gave them warning, and so delivered his own soul. If we consider what great things the [[Lord]] hath done for us, especially in the great work of redemption, we can neither want motive, encouragement, nor assistance in serving him.
----
'''Chapter''' 13
''Chapter Outline''
The invasion of the [[Philistines]].
(1-7)
[[Saul]]sacrifices, He is reproved by [[Samuel]].
(8-14)
The policy of the [[Philistines]].
(15-23)
'''Verses''' 1-7
[[Saul]]reigned one year, and nothing particular happened; but in his second year the events recorded in this Chapter took place. For above a year he gave the Philistine time to prepare for war, and to weaken and to disarm the [[Israelites]]. When men are lifted up in self-sufficiency, they are often led into folly. The chief advantages of the enemies of the [[church]] are derived from the misconduct of its professed friends. When [[Saul]]at length sounded an alarm, the people, dissatisfied with his management, or terrified by the power of the enemy, did not come to him, or speedily deserted him.
'''Verses''' 8-14
[[Saul]]broke the order expressly given by [[Samuel]], see ch. 1Sa 10:8, as to what should be done in cases of extremity. [[Saul]]offered sacrifice without [[Samuel]], and did it himself, though he was neither priest nor prophet. When charged with disobedience, he justified himself in what he had done, and gave no sign of [[Repentance|repentance]] for it. He would have this act of disobedience pass for an instance of his prudence, and as a proof of his piety. Men destitute of inward piety, often lay great stress on the outward performances of [[religion]]. [[Samuel]] charges Saul with being an enemy to himself. Those that disobey the [[commandments]] of [[God]], do foolishly for themselves. Sin is folly, and the greatest sinners are the greatest fools. Our disposition to obey or disobey [[God]], will often be proved by our behaviour in things which appear small. Men see nothing but Saul's outward act, which seems small; but [[God]] saw that he did this with unbelief and distrust of his providence, with contempt of his authority and justice, and with rebellion against the light of his own conscience. Blessed [[Saviour]], may we never, like Saul, bring our poor offerings, or fancied [[peace]]-offerings, without looking to thy precious, thy all-sufficient sacrifice! Thou only, O [[Lord]], canst make, or hast made, our [[peace]] in the blood of the cross.
'''Verses''' 15-23
See how politic the [[Philistines]] were when they had power; they not only prevented the people of [[Israel]] from making weapons of war, but obliged them to depend upon their enemies, even for instruments of husbandry. How impolitic [[Saul]]was, who did not, in the beginning of his reign, set himself to redress this. Want of true sense always accompanies want of grace. Sins which appear to us very little, have dangerous consequences. Miserable is a guilty, defenceless nation; much more those who are destitute of the whole armour of [[God]].
----
'''Chapter''' 14
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]] smites the [[Philistines]].
(1-15)
Their defeat.
(16-23)
[[Saul]]forbids the people to eat till evening.
(24-35)
[[Jonathan]] pointed out by lot.
(36-46)
Saul's family.
(47-52)
'''Verses''' 1-15
[[Saul]]seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of [[God]]'s protection. Now he sent for a priest and the ark. He hopes to make up matters with the Almighty by a partial reformation, as many do whose hearts are unhumbled and unchanged. Many [[love]] to have ministers who prophesy smooth things to them. [[Jonathan]] felt a [[Divine]] impulse and impression, putting him upon this bold adventure. [[God]] will direct the steps of those that acknowledge him in all their ways, and seek to him for direction, with full purpose of [[heart]] to follow his guidance. Sometimes we find most comfort in that which is least our own doing, and into which we have been led by the unexpected but well-observed turns of [[Divine]] providence. There was trembling in the host. It is called a trembling of [[God]], signifying, not only a great trembling they could not resist, nor reason themselves out of, but that it came at once from the hand of [[God]]. He that made the heart, knows how to make it tremble.
'''Verses''' 16-23
The [[Philistines]] were, by the power of [[God]], set against one another. The more evident it was that [[God]] did all, the more reason [[Saul]]had to inquire whether [[God]] would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer [[God]] would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, nor reckon any business so urgent, as not to allow time to take [[God]] with him.
'''Verses''' 24-35
Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. [[Saul]]was turning aside from [[God]], and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of [[godliness]] when he was denying the power of it.
'''Verses''' 36-46
If [[God]] turns away our [[prayer]], we have reason to suspect it is for some [[sin]] harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled [[heart]] suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. [[Jonathan]] was discovered to be the offender. Those most indulgent to their own sins are most severe upon others; those who most disregard [[God]]'s authority, are most impatient when their own commands are slighted. Such as cast abroad curses, endanger themselves and their families. What do we observe in the whole of Saul's behaviour on this occasion, but an impetuous, proud, malignant, impious disposition? And do we not in every instance perceive that man, left to himself, betrays the depravity of his nature, and is enslaved to the basest tempers.
'''Verses''' 47-52
Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly [[glory]] makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.
----
'''Chapter''' 15
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]sent to destroy Amalek.
(1-9)
[[Saul]]excuses and commends himself.
(10-23)
Saul's imperfect humiliation.
(24-31)
Agag put to death, [[Samuel]] and [[Saul]]part.
(32-35)
'''Verses''' 1-9
The sentence of condemnation against the Amalekites had gone forth long before, Ex 17:14; De 25:19, but they had been spared till they filled up the measure of their sins. We are sure that the righteous [[Lord]] does no injustice to any. The remembering the kindness of the ancestors of the Kenites, in favour to them, at the time [[God]] was punishing the injuries done by the ancestors of the Amalekites, tended to clear the righteousness of [[God]] in this dispensation. It is dangerous to be found in the company of [[God]]'s enemies, and it is our duty and interest to come out from among them, lest we share in their sins and plagues, Re 18:4. As the commandment had been express, and a test of Saul's obedience, his conduct evidently was the effect of a proud, rebellious spirit. He destroyed only the refuse, that was good for little. That which was now destroyed was sacrificed to the justice of [[God]].
'''Verses''' 10-23
[[Repentance]] in [[God]] is not a change of mind, as it is in us, but a change of method. The change was in Saul; "He is turned back from following me." Hereby he made [[God]] his enemy. [[Samuel]] spent a whole night in pleading for Saul. The rejection of sinners is the grief of [[believer]]s: [[God]] delights not in their death, nor should we. [[Saul]]boasts to [[Samuel]] of his obedience. Thus sinners think, by justifying themselves, to escape being judged of the [[Lord]]. The noise the cattle made, like the rust of the silver, Jas 5:3, witnessed against him. Many boast of obedience to the command of [[God]]; but what means then their indulgence of the flesh, their [[love]] of the world, their angry and unkind spirit, and their neglect of holy duties, which witness against them? See of what evil covetousness is the root; and see what is the sinfulness of [[sin]], and notice that in it which above any thing else makes it evil in the sight of the [[Lord]]; it is disobedience: "Thou didst not obey the voice of the [[Lord]]." Carnal, deceitful hearts, like Saul, think to excuse themselves from [[God]]'s [[commandments]] by what pleases themselves. It is hard to convince the [[children]] of disobedience. But humble, sincere, and conscientious obedience to the will of [[God]], is more pleasing and acceptable to him than all burnt-offering and sacrifices. [[God]] is more glorified and self more denied, by obedience than by sacrifice. It is much easier to bring a bullock or lamb to be burned upon the altar, than to bring every high thought into obedience to [[God]], and to make our will subject to his will. Those are unfit and unworthy to rule over men, who are not willing that [[God]] should rule over them.
'''Verses''' 24-31
There were several signs of hypocrisy in Saul's repentance. 1. He besought [[Samuel]] only, and seemed most anxious to stand right in his opinion, and to gain his favour. 2. He excuses his fault, even when confessing it; that is never the way of a true penitent. 3. All his care was to save his credit, and preserve his interest in the people. Men are fickle and alter their minds, feeble and cannot effect their purposes; something happens they could not foresee, by which their measures are broken; but with [[God]] it is not so. The Strength of [[Israel]] will not lie.
'''Verses''' 32-35
Many think the bitterness of [[death]] is past when it is not gone by; they put that evil day far from them, which is very near. [[Samuel]] calls Agag to account for his own sins. He followed the example of his ancestors' cruelty, justly therefore is all the righteous blood shed by Amalek required. [[Saul]]seems unconcerned at the token of [[God]]'s displeasure which he lay under, yet [[Samuel]] mourns day and night for him. [[Jerusalem]] was carnally secure while [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] wept over it. Do we desire to do the whole will of [[God]]? Turn to him, not in form and appearance, but with sincerity.
----
'''Chapter''' 16
''Chapter Outline''
[[Samuel]] sent to [[Bethlehem]] to Jesse.
(1-5)
[[David]] is anointed.
(6-13)
[[Saul]]troubled with an evil spirit, is quieted by [[David]].
(14-23)
'''Verses''' 1-5
It appears that [[Saul]]was grown very wicked. Of what would he not be guilty, who durst think to kill [[Samuel]]? The elders of [[Bethlehem]] trembled at [[Samuel]]'s coming. It becomes us to stand in awe of [[God]]'s messengers, and to tremble at his word. His answer was, I come [[peace]]ably, for I come to sacrifice. When our [[Lord]] [[Jesus]] came into the world, though men had reason to [[fear]] that his errand was to condemn the world, yet he gave full assurance that he came [[peace]]ably, for he came to sacrifice, and he brought his offering with him; A body hast thou prepared me. Let us sanctify ourselves, and depend upon His sacrifice.
'''Verses''' 6-13
It was strange that [[Samuel]], who had been so disappointed in Saul, whose countenance and stature recommended him, should judge of another man by that rule. We can tell how men look, but [[God]] can tell what they are. He judges of men by the heart. We often form a mistaken judgment of characters; but the [[Lord]] values only the faith, fear, and love, which are planted in the heart, beyond human discernment. And [[God]] does not favour our [[children]] according to our fond partiality, but often most honours and blesses those who have been least regarded. [[David]] at length was pitched upon. He was the youngest of the sons of Jesse; his name signifies Beloved; he was a type of [[God]]'s beloved Son. It should seem, [[David]] was least set by of all the sons of Jesse. But the [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] came upon [[David]] from that day forward. His anointing was not an empty ceremony, a [[Divine]] power went with that instituted sign; he found himself advanced in wisdom and courage, with all the qualifications of a prince, though not advanced in his outward circumstances. This would satisfy him that his election was of [[God]]. The best evidence of our being predestinated to the kingdom of glory, is, our being sealed with the [[Spirit]] of promise, and experience of a work of [[grace]] in our hearts.
'''Verses''' 14-23
[[Saul]]is made a terror to himself. The [[Spirit]] of the [[Lord]] departed from him. If [[God]] and his [[grace]] do not rule us, [[sin]] and [[Satan]] will have possession of us. The devil, by the [[Divine]] permission, troubled and terrified Saul, by the corrupt humours of his body, and passions of his mind. He grew fretful, peevish, and discontented, and at times a madman. It is a pity that music, which may be serviceable to the good temper of the mind, should ever be abused, to support vanity and luxury, and made an occasion of drawing the [[heart]] from [[God]] and serious things. That is driving away the good Spirit, not the evil spirit. Music, diversions, company, or business, have for a time often been employed to quiet the wounded conscience; but nothing can effect a real cure but the blood of [[Christ]], applied in faith, and the sanctifying [[Spirit]] sealing the [[pardon]] , by his holy comforts. All other plans to dispel religious melancholy are sure to add to distress, either in this [[world]] or the next.
----
'''Chapter''' 17
''Chapter Outline''
Goliath's challenge.
(1-11)
[[David]] comes to the camp.
(12-30)
[[David]] undertakes to fight Goliath.
(31-39)
and goes to meet him.
(40-47)
He kills Goliath.
(48-58)
'''Verses''' 1-11
Men so entirely depend upon [[God]] in all things, that when he withdraws his help, the most valiant and resolute cannot find their hearts or hands, as daily experience shows.
'''Verses''' 12-30
Jesse little thought of sending his son to the army at that critical juncture; but the wise [[God]] orders actions and affairs, so as to serve his designs. In times of general formality and lukewarmness, every degree of zeal which implies readiness to go further, or to venture more in the cause of [[God]] than others, will be blamed as pride and ambition, and by none more than by near relations, like Eliab, or negligent superiors. It was a trial of [[David]]'s meekness, patience, and constancy. He had right and reason on his side, and did not render railing for railing; with a soft answer he turned away his brother's wrath. This conquest of his own passion was more honourable than that of Goliath. Those who undertake great and public services, must not think it strange if they are spoken ill of, and opposed by those from whom they expect support and assistance. They must humbly go on with their work, in the face not only of enemies' threats, but of friends' slights and suspicions.
'''Verses''' 31-39
A shepherd lad, come the same morning from keeping sheep, had more courage than all the mighty men of [[Israel]]. Thus [[God]] often sends good words to his [[Israel]], and does great things for them, by the weak and foolish things of the world. As he had answered his brother's passion with meekness, so [[David]] answered Saul's [[fear]] with faith. When [[David]] kept sheep, he proved himself very careful and tender of his flock. This reminds us of [[Christ]], the good Shepherd, who not only ventured, but laid down his life for the sheep. Our experience ought to encourage us to [[trust]] in [[God]], and be bold in the way of duty. He that has delivered, does and will continue to do so. [[David]] gained leave to fight the Philistine. Not being used to such armour as [[Saul]]put upon him, he was not satisfied to go in that manner; this was from the [[Lord]], that it might more plainly appear he fought and conquered in faith, and that the victory was from Him who works by the feeblest and most despised means and instruments. It is not to be inquired how excellent any thing is, but how proper. Let Saul's coat be ever so rich, and his armour ever so strong, what is [[David]] the better if they fit him not? But faith, [[prayer]], truth, and righteousness; the whole armour of [[God]], and the mind that was in Christ; are equally needful for all the servants of the [[Lord]], whatever may be their work.
'''Verses''' 40-47
The security and presumption of fools destroy them. Nothing can excel the humility, faith, and piety which appear in [[David]]'s words. He expressed his assured expectation of success; he gloried in his mean appearance and arms, that the victory might be ascribed to the [[Lord]] alone.
'''Verses''' 48-58
See how frail and uncertain life is, even when a man thinks himself best fortified; how quickly, how easily, and by how small a matter, the passage may be opened for life to go out, and [[death]] to enter! Let not the strong man [[glory]] in his strength, nor the armed man in his armour. [[God]] resists the proud, and pours contempt on those who defy him and his people. No one ever hardened his [[heart]] against [[God]] and prospered. The history is recorded, that all may exert themselves for the honour of [[God]], and the support of his cause, with bold and unshaken reliance on him. There is one conflict in which all the followers of the Lamb are, and must be engaged; one enemy, more formidable than Goliath, still challenges the armies of [[Israel]]. But "resist the devil, and he will flee from you." Go forth to battle with the [[faith]] of [[David]], and the powers of darkness shall not stand against you. But how often is the [[Christian]] foiled through an evil [[heart]] of unbelief!
----
'''Chapter''' 18
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]]'s friendship for [[David]].
(1-5)
[[Saul]]seeks to kill [[David]].
(6-11)
Saul's [[fear]] of [[David]].
(12-30)
'''Verses''' 1-5
The friendship of [[David]] and [[Jonathan]] was the effect of [[Divine]] grace, which produces in true [[believer]]s one [[heart]] and one soul, and causes them to [[love]] each other. This union of souls is from partaking in the [[Spirit]] of [[Christ]]. Where [[God]] unites hearts, carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who [[love]] [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof of the power of [[God]]'s [[grace]] in [[David]], that he was able to bear all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above measure.
'''Verses''' 6-11
[[David]]'s troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs, but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems greatest in this world. It is a sign that the [[Spirit]] of [[God]] is departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious, suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare [[David]], with his harp in his hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his hand, aiming to slay [[David]]; and observe the sweetness and usefulness of [[God]]'s persecuted people, and the barbarity of their persecutors. But [[David]]'s safety must be ascribed to [[God]]'s providence.
'''Verses''' 12-30
For a long time [[David]] was kept in continual apprehension of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit, nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perVerseness in others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be weary and faint in your minds, Heb 12:3. If [[David]] magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!
----
'''Chapter''' 19
''Chapter Outline''
[[Jonathan]] reconciles his father to [[David]], [[Saul]]again tries to slay him.
(1-10)
[[David]] flees to [[Samuel]].
(11-24)
'''Verses''' 1-10
How forcible are right words! [[Saul]]was, for a time, convinced of the unreasonableness of his enmity to [[David]]; but he continued his malice against [[David]]. So incurable is the hatred of the seed of the serpent against that of the woman; so deceitful and desperately wicked is the [[heart]] of man without the [[grace]] of [[God]], Jer 17:9.
'''Verses''' 11-24
Michal's stratagem to gain time till [[David]] got to a distance was allowable, but her falsehood had not even the plea of necessity to excuse it, and manifests that she was not influenced by the same spirit of piety which had dictated [[Jonathan]]'s language to Saul. In flying to [[Samuel]], [[David]] made [[God]] his refuge. [[Samuel]], as a prophet, was best able to advise him what to do in this day of distress. He met with little rest or satisfaction in Saul's court, therefore went to seek it in [[Samuel]]'s [[church]]. What little pleasure is to be had in this world, those have who live a life of communion with [[God]]; to that [[David]] returned in the time of trouble. So impatient was [[Saul]]after [[David]]'s blood, so restless against him, that although baffled by one providence after another, he could not see that [[David]] was under the special protection of [[God]]. And when [[God]] will take this way to protect [[David]], even Saul prophesies. Many have great gifts, yet no grace; they may prophesy in [[Christ]]'s name, yet are disowned by him. Let us daily seek for renewing grace, which shall be in us as a well of water springing up into everlasting life. Let us cleave to truth and [[holiness]] with full purpose of heart. In every danger and trouble, let us seek protection, comfort, and direction in [[God]]'s ordinances.
----
'''Chapter''' 20
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] consults [[Jonathan]].
(1-10)
[[Jonathan]]'s covenant with [[David]].
(11-23)
Saul, missing [[David]], seeks to kill [[Jonathan]].
(24-34)
[[Jonathan]] takes leave of [[David]].
(35-42)
'''Verses''' 1-10
The trials [[David]] met with, prepared him for future advancement. Thus the [[Lord]] deals with those whom he prepares unto glory. He does not put them into immediate possession of the kingdom, but leads them to it through much tribulation, which he makes the means of fitting them for it. Let them not murmur at his gracious appointment, nor distrust his care; but let them look forward with joyful expectation to the crown which is laid up for them. Sometimes it appears to us that there is but a step between us and death; at all times it may be so, and we should prepare for the event. But though dangers appear most threatening, we cannot die till the purpose of [[God]] concerning us is accomplished; nor till we have served our generation according to his will, if we are [[believer]]s. [[Jonathan]] generously offers [[David]] his services. This is true friendship. Thus [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] testifies his [[love]] to us, Ask, and it shall be done for you; and we must testify our [[love]] to him, by keeping his commandments.
'''Verses''' 11-23
[[Jonathan]] faithfully promises that he would let [[David]] know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom [[God]] favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the [[love]] of [[Jesus]], who gave himself as a sacrifice for rebellious, polluted sinners! how great then ought to be the force and effects of our [[love]] to him, to his cause, and his people!
'''Verses''' 24-34
None were more constant than [[David]] in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for [[Divine]] ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. [[Jonathan]] did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an interest in [[David]], yet for this he is blamed. It is good to take [[God]]'s people for our people. It will prove to our advantage at last, however it may now be thought against our interest. [[Saul]]was outrageous. What savage beasts, and worse, does [[anger]] make men!
'''Verses''' 35-42
The separation of two such faithful friends was grievous to both, but [[David]]'s case was the more deplorable, for [[David]] was leaving all his comforts, even those of [[God]]'s sanctuary. [[Christians]] need not sorrow, as men without hope; but being one with [[Christ]], they are one with each other, and will meet in his presence ere long, to part no more; to meet where all tears shall be wiped from their eyes.
----
'''Chapter''' 21
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] with Ahimelech.
(1-9)
[[David]] at Gath feigns himself mad.
(10-15)
'''Verses''' 1-9
[[David]], in distress, fled to the tabernacle of [[God]]. It is great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a [[God]] to go to, to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and expect direction. [[David]] told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad consequence; for it occasioned the [[death]] of the priests of the [[Lord]]. [[David]] thought upon it afterward with regret. [[David]] had great [[faith]] and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus foully through [[fear]] and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of his faith. Had he trusted [[God]] aright, he would not have used such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest straits, but for our warning. [[David]] asked of Ahimelech bread and a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The Son of [[David]] taught from it, that [[mercy]] is to be preferred to sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as [[David]] did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of [[God]], nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many come in simplicity of [[heart]] to serve their [[God]], others come to observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only [[God]] and the event can distinguish between a [[David]] and a Doeg, when both are in the tabernacle. (1Sa 21:10-15)
'''Verses''' 10-15
[[God]]'s persecuted people have often found better usage from [[Philistines]] than from [[Israelites]]. [[David]] had reason to put confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was degrading, and discovered wavering in his [[faith]] and courage. The more simply we depend on [[God]], and obey him, the more comfortably and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.
----
'''Chapter''' 22
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] at Adullam, Many resort to him.
(1-5)
[[Saul]]destroys the priests of Nob.
(6-19)
[[Text:EBD:Abiathar|Abiathar]] escapes to [[David]].
(20-23)
'''Verses''' 1-5
See what weak instruments [[God]] sometimes uses, to bring about his own purposes. The Son of [[David]] is ready to receive distressed souls, who will be commanded by him. He receives all who come unto Him, however vile and miserable; he changes them into a holy people, and employs them in his service: those who would reign with him must be contented first to suffer with and for him. Observe with what tender concern [[David]] provided for his aged parents. The first thing he does is to find them a quiet habitation, whatever became of himself. Let [[children]] learn to honour their parents, in every thing consulting their ease and satisfaction. Though highly preferred, and much employed, let them not forget their aged parents. The steps of a good man are ordered by the [[Lord]]. And the [[Lord]] will preserve his people for their appointed work, however they may be hated and exposed.
'''Verses''' 6-19
See the nature of jealous malice and its pitiful arts. [[Saul]]looks upon all about him as his enemies, because they do not just say as he says. In Ahimelech's answer to [[Saul]]we have the language of conscious innocence. But what wickedness will not the evil spirit hurry men to when he gets the dominion! [[Saul]]alleges that which was utterly false and unproved. But the most bloody tyrants have found instruments of their cruelty as barbarous as themselves. Doeg, having murdered the priests, went to the city, Nob, and put all to the sword there. Nothing so vile but those may do it, who have provoked [[God]] to give them up to their hearts' lusts. Yet this was the accomplishment of the threatenings against the house of Eli. Though [[Saul]]was unrighteous in doing this, yet [[God]] was righteous in permitting it. No word of [[God]] shall fall to the ground.
'''Verses''' 20-23
[[David]] greatly lamented the calamity. It is great trouble to a good man to find himself any way the cause of evil to others. He must have been much pained, when he considered that his falsehood was one cause of this fatal event. [[David]] speaks with assurance of his own safety, and promises that [[Text:EBD:Abiathar|Abiathar]] should have his protection. With the Son of [[David]], all who are his may be sure they shall be in safeguard, Ps 91:1. In the hurry and distraction [[David]] was continually in, he found time for communion with [[God]], and found comfort in it.
----
'''Chapter''' 23
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] rescues Keilah.
(1-6)
[[God]] warns him to escape from Keilah.
(7-13)
[[Jonathan]] comforts [[David]].
(14-18)
He is rescued from [[Saul]]by an invasion of the [[Philistines]].
(19-29)
'''Verses''' 1-6
When princes persecute [[God]]'s people, let them expect vexation on all sides. The way for any country to be quiet, is to let [[God]]'s [[church]] be quiet in it: if [[Saul]]fight against [[David]], the [[Philistines]] fight against his country. [[David]] considered himself the protector of the land. Thus did the [[Saviour]] [[Jesus]], and left us an example. Those are unlike [[David]], who sullenly decline to do good, if they are not rewarded for services.
'''Verses''' 7-13
Well might [[David]] complain of his enemies, that they rewarded him evil for good, and that for his [[love]] they were his adversaries. [[Christ|Jesus Christ]] was used thus basely. [[David]] applied to his great Protector for direction. No sooner was the ephod brought him than he made use of it. We have the Scriptures in our hands, let us take advice from them in doubtful cases. Say, Bring hither the [[Bible]]. [[David]]'s address to [[God]] is very solemn, also very particular. [[God]] allows us to be so in our addresses to him; [[Lord]], direct me in this matter, about which I am now at a loss. [[God]] knows not only what will be, but what would be, if it were not hindered; therefore he knows how to deliver the godly out of temptation, and how to render to every man according to his works.
'''Verses''' 14-18
[[David]] made no attempt against Saul; he kept [[God]]'s way, waited [[God]]'s time, and was content to secure himself in woods and wildernesses. Let it make us think the worse of this world, which often gives such bad treatment to its best men: let it make us long for that kingdom where goodness shall for ever be in glory, and [[holiness]] in honour. We find [[Jonathan]] comforting [[David]]. As a pious friend, he directed him to [[God]], the Foundation of his comfort. As a self-denying friend, he takes pleasure in the prospect of [[David]]'s advancement to the throne. As a constant friend, he renewed his friendship with him. Our covenant with [[God]] should be often renewed, and therein our communion with him kept up. If the conVerse of one friend, at one meeting, gives comfort and strengthens our hearts, what may not be expected from the continual supports and powerful [[love]] of the [[Saviour]] of sinners, the covenanted Friend of [[believer]]s!
'''Verses''' 19-29
In the midst of his wickedness, [[Saul]]affected to speak the language of piety. Such expressions, without suitable effects, can only amuse or deceive those who hear, and those who use them. This mountain was an emblem of the [[Divine]] Providence coming between [[David]] and the destroyer. Let us not be dismayed at the prospect of future difficulties, but stay ourselves upon Him who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in working. Sooner than his promise shall fail, he will commission [[Philistines]] to effect our escape, at the very moment when our case appears most desperate. [[God]] requires entire dependence on him, If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established, Isa 7:9.
----
'''Chapter''' 24
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] spares Saul's life.
(1-7)
[[David]] shows his innocence.
(8-15)
[[Saul]]acknowledges his fault.
(16-22)
'''Verses''' 1-7
[[God]] delivered [[Saul]]into [[David]]'s hand. It was an opportunity given to [[David]] to exercise [[faith]] and patience. He had a promise of the kingdom, but no command to slay the king. He reasons strongly, both with himself and with his men, against doing [[Saul]]any hurt. Sin is a thing which it becomes us to startle at, and to resist [[temptations]] thereto. He not only would not do this bad thing himself, but he would not suffer those about him to do it. Thus he rendered good for evil, to him from whom he received evil for good; and was herein an example to all who are called [[Christians]], not to be overcome of evil, but to overcome evil with good.
'''Verses''' 8-15
[[David]] was falsely charged with seeking Saul's hurt; he shows [[Saul]]that [[God]]'s providence had given him opportunity to do it. And it was upon a good principle that he refused to do it. He declares his fixed resolution never to be his own avenger. If men wrong us, [[God]] will right us, at farthest, in the judgment of the great day.
'''Verses''' 16-22
[[Saul]]speaks as quite overcome with [[David]]'s kindness. Many mourn for their sins, who do not truly repent of them; weep bitterly for them, yet continue in [[love]] and in league with them. Now [[God]] made good to [[David]] that word on which he had caused him to hope, that he would bring forth his righteousness as the light, Ps 37:6. Those who take care to keep a good conscience, may leave it to [[God]] to secure them the credit of it. Sooner or later, [[God]] will force even those who are of the synagogue of [[Satan]] to know and to own those whom he has loved. They parted in [[peace]]. [[Saul]]went home convinced, but not converted; ashamed of his envy to [[David]], yet retaining in his breast that root of bitterness; vexed that when at last he had found [[David]], he could not find in his [[heart]] to destroy him, as he had designed. Malice often seems dead when it is only asleep, and will revive with double force. Yet, whether the [[Lord]] bind men's hands, or affect their hearts, so that they do not hurt us, the deliverance is equally from him; it is an evidence of his love, and an earnest of our [[salvation]], and should make us thankful.
----
'''Chapter''' 25
''Chapter Outline''
Death of [[Samuel]].
(1)
[[David]]'s request; Nabal's churlish refusal.
(2-11)
[[David]]'s intention to destroy Nabal.
(12-17)
[[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] takes a present to [[David]].
(18-31)
He is pacified, Nabal dies.
(32-39)
[[David]] takes [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] to wife.
(39-44)
'''Verse''' 1
All [[Israel]] lamented [[Samuel]], and they had reason. He prayed daily for them. Those have hard hearts, who can bury faithful ministers without grief; who do not feel their loss of those who have prayed for them, and taught them the way of the [[Lord]].
'''Verses''' 2-11
We should not have heard of Nabal, if nothing had passed between him and [[David]]. Observe his name, Nabal, "A fool;" so it signifies. Riches make men look great in the eye of the world; but to one that takes right views, Nabal looked very mean. He had no honour or honesty; he was churlish, cross, and ill-humoured; evil in his doings, hard and oppressive; a man that cared not what fraud and violence he used in getting and saving. What little reason have we to value the wealth of this world, when so great a churl as Nabal abounds, and so good a man as [[David]] suffers want!, [[David]] pleaded the kindness Nabal's shepherds had received. Considering that [[David]]'s men were in distress and debt, and discontented, and the scarcity of provisions, it was by good management that they were kept from plundering. Nabal went into a passion, as covetous men are apt to do, when asked for any thing, thinking thus to cover one [[sin]] with another; and, by abusing the poor, to excuse themselves from relieving them. But [[God]] will not thus be mocked. Let this help us to bear reproaches and misrepresentations with patience and cheerfulness, and make us easy under them; it has often been the lot of the excellent ones of the earth. Nabal insists much on the property he had in the provisions of his table. May he not do what he will with his own? We mistake, if we think we are absolute lords of what we have, and may do what we please with it. No; we are but stewards, and must use it as we are directed, remembering it is not our own, but His who intrusted us with it.
'''Verses''' 12-17
[[God]] is kind to the evil and unthankful, and why may not we be so? [[David]] determined to destroy Nabal, and all that belonged to him. Is this thy voice, O [[David]]? Has he been so long in the school of affliction, where he should have learned patience, and yet is so passionate? He at other times was calm and considerate, but is put into such a heat by a few hard words, that he seeks to destroy a whole family. What are the best of men, when [[God]] leaves them to themselves, that they may know what is in their hearts? What need to pray, [[Lord]], lead us not into temptation!
'''Verses''' 18-31
By a present [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] atoned for Nabal's denial of [[David]]'s request. Her behaviour was very submissive. Yielding pacifies great offences. She puts herself in the place of a penitent, and of a petitioner. She could not excuse her husband's conduct. She depends not upon her own reasonings, but on [[God]]'s grace, to soften [[David]], and expects that grace would work powerfully. She says that it was below him to take vengeance on so weak and despicable an enemy as Nabal, who, as he would do him no kindness, so he could do him no hurt. She foretells the glorious end of [[David]]'s present troubles. [[God]] will preserve thy life; therefore it becomes not thee unjustly and unnecessarily to take away the lives of any, especially of the people of thy [[God]] and [[Saviour]]. [[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] keeps this argument for the last, as very powerful with so good a man; that the less he indulged his passion, the more he consulted his [[peace]] and the repose of his own conscience. Many have done that in a heat, which they have a thousand times wished undone again. The sweetness of revenge is soon turned into bitterness. When tempted to [[sin]], we should consider how it will appear when we think upon it afterwards.
'''Verses''' 32-39
[[David]] gives [[God]] thanks for sending him this happy check in a sinful way. Whoever meet us with counsel, direction, comfort, caution, or seasonable reproof, we must see [[God]] sending them. We ought to be very thankful for those happy providences which are the means of keeping us from sinning. Most people think it enough, if they take reproof patiently; but few will take it thankfully, and commend those who give it, and accept it as a favour. The nearer we are to committing [[sin]], the greater is the [[mercy]] of a seasonable restraint. Sinners are often most secure when most in danger. He was very drunk. A sign he was Nabal, a fool, that could not use plenty without abusing it; who could not be pleasant with his friends without making a beast of himself. There is not a surer sign that a man has but little wisdom, nor a surer way to destroy the little he has, than drinking to excess. Next morning, how he is changed! His [[heart]] overnight merry with wine, next morning heavy as a stone; so deceitful are carnal pleasures, so soon passes the laughter of the fool; the end of that mirth is heaviness. Drunkards are sad, when they reflect upon their own folly. About ten days after, the [[Lord]] smote Nabal, that he died. [[David]] blessed [[God]] that he had been kept from killing Nabal. Worldly sorrow, mortified pride, and an affrighted conscience, sometimes end the joys of the sensualist, and separate the covetous man from his wealth; but, whatever the weapon, the [[Lord]] smites men with [[death]] when it pleases him.
'''Verses''' 39-44
[[Text:EBD:Abigail|Abigail]] believed that [[David]] would be king over [[Israel]], and greatly esteemed his pious and excellent character. She deemed his proposal of [[marriage]] honourable, and advantageous to her, notwithstanding his present difficulties. With great humility, and doubtless agreeably to the customs of those times, she consented, being willing to share his trails. Thus those who join themselves to [[Christ]], must be willing now to suffer with him, believing that hereafter they shall reign with him.
----
'''Chapter''' 26
''Chapter Outline''
[[Saul]]goes after [[David]], who again spares Saul's life.
(1-12)
[[David]] exhorts Saul.
(13-20)
[[Saul]]acknowledges his sin.
(21-25)
'''Verses''' 1-12
How soon do unholy hearts lose the good impressions convictions have made upon them! How helpless were [[Saul]]and all his men! All as though disarmed and chained, yet nothing is done to them; they are only asleep. How easily can [[God]] weaken the strongest, befool the wisest, and baffle the most watchful! [[David]] still resolved to wait till [[God]] thought fit to avenge him on Saul. He will by no means force his way to the promised crown by any wrong methods. The [[temptation]] was very strong; but if he yielded, he would [[sin]] against [[God]], therefore he resisted the temptation, and trusted [[God]] with the event.
'''Verses''' 13-20
[[David]] reasoned seriously and affectionately with Saul. Those who forbid our attendance on [[God]]'s ordinances, do what they can to estrange us from [[God]], and to make us heathens. We are to reckon that which exposes us to [[sin]] the greatest injury that can be done us. If the [[Lord]] stirred thee up against me, either in displeasure to me, taking this way to punish me for my sins against him, or in displeasure to thee, if it be the effect of that evil spirit from the [[Lord]] which troubles thee; let Him accept an offering from us both. Let us join in seeking [[peace]], and to be reconciled with [[God]] by sacrifice.
'''Verses''' 21-25
[[Saul]]repeated his good words and good wishes. But he showed no evidence of true [[Repentance|repentance]] towards [[God]]. [[David]] and [[Saul]]parted to meet no more. No reconciliation among men is firm, which is not founded in an cemented by [[peace]] with [[God]] through [[Jesus]] [[Christ]]. In sinning against [[God]], men play the fool, and err exceedingly. Many obtain a passing view of these truths, who hate and close their eyes against the light. Fair professions do not entitle those to confidence who have long sinned against the light, yet the confessions of obstinate sinners may satisfy us that we are in the right way, and encourage us to persevere, expecting our recompence from the [[Lord]] alone.
----
'''Chapter''' 27
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] retires to Gath.
(1-7)
[[David]] deceives Achish.
(8-12)
'''Verses''' 1-7
Unbelief is a [[sin]] that easily besets even good men, when without are fightings, and within are fears; and it is a hard matter to get over them. [[Lord]], increase our faith! We may blush to think that the word of a Philistine should go further than the word of an [[Israel]]ite, and that the city of Gath should be a place of refuge for a good man, when the cities of [[Israel]] refuse him a safe abode. [[David]] gained a comfortable settlement, not only at a distance from Gath, but bordering upon [[Israel]], where he might keep up a correspondence with his own countrymen.
'''Verses''' 8-12
While [[David]] was in the land of the [[Philistines]], he attacked some remains of the devoted nations. The people whom he cut off were long before doomed to destruction. It is often wisdom to shun public notice, but we must in no situation be idle. We must always try to do somewhat in the cause of [[God]]. This expedition [[David]] hid from Achish. But an equivocation which serves the purpose of a lie, is as like to it as a hypocrite is to a profane person, it is only better in appearance, therefore more dangerous. Yet, though [[believer]]s often manifest imperfections, they can never be prevailed upon to renounce the service of [[God]], and to unite interests with his enemies, or finally to become the servants of [[sin]] and [[Satan]]. But what a train of evils follow from unbelief! When we forget the [[Lord]]'s past mercies, and his gracious assurances, we shall be overwhelmed with desponding fears, and probably be led to adopt some dishonourable method to get rid of our troubles. Nothing can so effectually establish us in holy tempers and practices, and preserve us from perplexities, as firm, unshaken dependence upon the promises of [[God]] in [[Jesus Christ|Christ Jesus]].
----
'''Chapter''' 28
''Chapter Outline''
Achish puts confidence in [[David]], Saul's fear.
(1-6)
[[Saul]]consults a witch at Endor.
(7-19)
Saul's terror.
(20-25)
'''Verses''' 1-6
[[David]] could not refuse Achish without danger. If he promised assistance, and then stood neuter, or went over to the [[Israelites]], he would behave with ingratitude and treachery. If he fought against [[Israel]], he would [[sin]] greatly. It seemed impossible that he should get out of this difficulty with a clear conscience; but his evasive answer, intended to gain time, was not consistent with the character of an [[Israel]]ite indeed. Troubles are terrors to the [[children]] of disobedience. In his distress, [[Saul]]inquired of the [[Lord]]. He did not seek in faith, but with a double, unstable mind. [[Saul]]had put the law in force against those that had familiar spirits, Ex 22:18. Many seem zealous against, [[sin]], when they are any way hurt by it, who have no concern for the [[glory]] of [[God]], nor any dislike of [[sin]] as sin. Many seem enemies to sin in others, while they indulge it in themselves. [[Saul]]will drive the devil out of his kingdom, yet harbours him in his [[heart]] by envy and malice. How foolish to consult those whom, according to [[God]]'s law, he had endeavoured to root out!
'''Verses''' 7-19
When we go from the plain path of duty, every thing draws us further aside, and increases our perplexity and temptation. [[Saul]]desires the woman to bring one from the dead, with whom he wished to speak; this was expressly forbidden, De 18:11. All real or pretended witchcraft or conjuration, is a malicious or an ignorant attempt to gain knowledge or help from some creature, when it cannot be had from the [[Lord]] in the path of duty. While [[Samuel]] was living, we never read of Saul's going to advise with him in any difficulties; it had been well for him if he had. But now he is dead, "Bring me up [[Samuel]]." Many who despise and persecute [[God]]'s saints and ministers when living, would be glad to have them again, when they are gone. The whole shows that it was no human fraud or trick. Though the woman could not cause [[Samuel]]'s being sent, yet Saul's inquiry might be the occasion of it. The woman's surprise and terror proved that it was an unusual and unexpected appearance. [[Saul]]had despised [[Samuel]]'s solemn warnings in his lifetime, yet now that he hoped, as in defiance of [[God]], to obtain some counsel and encouragement from him, might not [[God]] permit the soul of his departed prophet to appear to Saul, to confirm his former sentence, and denounce his doom? The expression, "Thou and thy sons shall be with me," means no more than that they shall be in the eternal world. There appears much solemnity in [[God]]'s permitting the soul of a departed prophet to come as a witness from heaven, to confirm the word he had spoken on earth.
'''Verses''' 20-25
Those that expect any good counsel or comfort, otherwise than from [[God]], and in the way of his institutions, will be as wretchedly disappointed as Saul. Though terrified even to despair, he was not humbled. He confessed not his sins, offered no sacrifices, and presented no supplications. He does not seem to have cared about his sons or his people, or to have attempted any escape; but in sullen despair he rushed upon his doom. [[God]] sets up a few such beacons, to warn men not to stifle convictions, or despise his word. But while one repenting thought remains, let no sinner suppose himself in this case. Let him humble himself before [[God]], determined to live and die beseeching his favour, and he will succeed.
----
'''Chapter''' 29
''Chapter Outline''
[[David]] objected to by the [[Philistines]].
(1-5)
He is dismissed by Achish.
(6-11)
'''Verses''' 1-5
[[David]] waited with a secret [[hope]] that the [[Lord]] would help him out of his difficulty. But he seems to have been influenced too much by the fear of man, in consenting to attend Achish. It is hard to come near to the brink of [[sin]], and not to fall in. [[God]] inclined the princes of the [[Philistines]] to oppose [[David]]'s being employed in the battle. Thus their dislike befriended him, when no friend could do him such a kindness.
'''Verses''' 6-11
[[David]] scarcely ever had a greater deliverance than when dismissed from such insnaring service. [[God]]'s people should always behave themselves so, as, if possible, to get the good word of all they have dealings with: and it is due to those who have acted well, to speak well of them.
----
'''Chapter''' 30
''Chapter Outline''
Ziklag spoiled by the Amalekites.
(1-6)
[[David]] overtakes the Amalekites.
(7-15)
He recovers what had been lost.
(16-20)
[[David]]'s distribution of the spoil.
(21-31)
'''Verses''' 1-6
When we go abroad in the way of our duty, we may comfortably [[hope]] that [[God]] will take care of our families in our absence, but not otherwise. If, when we come off a journey, we find our abode in [[peace]], and not laid waste, as [[David]] here found his, let the [[Lord]] be praised for it. [[David]]'s men murmured against him. Great [[faith]] must expect such severe trials. But, observe, that [[David]] was brought thus low, only just before he was raised to the throne. When things are at the worst with the [[church]] and people of [[God]], then they begin to mend. [[David]] encouraged himself in the [[Lord]] his [[God]]. His men fretted at their loss, the soul of the people was bitter; their own discontent and impatience added to the affliction and misery. But [[David]] bore it better, though he had more reason than any of them to lament it. They gave liberty to their passions, but he set his graces to work; and while they dispirited each other, he, by encouraging himself in [[God]], kept his spirit calm. Those who have taken the [[Lord]] for their [[God]], may take encouragement from him in the worst times.
'''Verses''' 7-15
If in all our ways, even when, as in this case, there can be no doubt they are just, we acknowledge [[God]], we may expect that he will direct our steps, as he did those of [[David]]. [[David]], in tenderness to his men, would by no means urge them beyond their strength. The Son of [[David]] thus considers the frames of his followers, who are not all alike strong and vigorous in their spiritual pursuits and conflicts; but, where we are weak, there he is kind; nay more, there he is strong, 2Co 12:9, 10. A poor [[Egypt]]ian lad, scarcely alive, is made the means of a great deal of good to [[David]]. Justly did Providence make this poor servant, who was basely used by his master, an instrument in the destruction of the Amalekites; for [[God]] hears the cry of the oppressed. Those are unworthy the name of true [[Israelites]], who shut up their compassion from persons in distress. We should neither do an injury nor deny a kindness to any man; some time or other it may be in the power of the lowest to return a kindness or an injury.
'''Verses''' 16-20
Sinners are nearest to ruin, when they cry, Peace and safety, and put the evil day far from them. Nor does any thing give our spiritual enemies more advantage than sensuality and indulgence. Eating and drinking, and dancing, have been the soft and pleasant way in which many have gone down to the congregation of the dead. The spoil was recovered, and brought off; nothing was lost, but a great deal gained.
'''Verses''' 21-31
What [[God]] gives us, he designs we should do good with. In distributing the spoil, [[David]] was just and kind. Those are men of Belial indeed, who delight in putting hardships upon their brethren, and care not who is starved, so that they may be fed to the full. [[David]] was generous and kind to all his friends. Those who consider the [[Lord]] as the Giver of their abundance, will dispose of it with fairness and liberality.
----
'''Chapter''' 31
''Chapter Outline''
Saul's defeat and death.
(1-7)
Saul's body rescued by the men of Jabesh-gilead.
(8-13)
'''Verses''' 1-7
We cannot judge of the spiritual or eternal state of any by the manner of their death; for in that, there is one event to the righteous and to the wicked. Saul, when sorely wounded, and unable to resist or to flee, expressed no concern about his never-dying soul; but only desired that the [[Philistines]] might not insult over him, or put him to pain, and he became his own murderer. As it is the grand deceit of the devil, to persuade sinners, under great difficulties, to fly to this last act of desperation, it is well to fortify the mind against it, by a serious consideration of its sinfulness before [[God]], and its miserable consequences in society. But our security is not in ourselves. Let us seek protection from Him who keepeth [[Israel]]. Let us watch and pray; and take unto us the whole armour of [[God]], that we may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.
'''Verses''' 8-13
The Scripture makes no mention what became of the souls of [[Saul]]and his sons, after they were dead; but of their bodies only: secret things belong not to us. It is of little consequence by what means we die, or what is done with our dead bodies. If our souls are saved, our bodies will be raised incorruptible and glorious; but not to [[fear]] His wrath, who is able to destroy both body and soul in hell, is the extreme of folly and wickedness. How useless is the respect of fellow-creatures to those who are suffering the wrath of [[God]]! While pompous funerals, grand monuments, and he praises of men, honour the memory of the deceased, the soul may be suffering in the regions of darkness and despair! Let us seek that honour which cometh from [[God]] only.
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