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'''Masturbation''' refers to [[sexual]] stimulation, especially of one's own [[sex organ|genitals]] ('''self masturbation''') and often to the point of [[orgasm]]<ref name="webmd">[http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/masturbation-guide Your Guide to Masturbation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, which is performed manually, by other types of bodily contact (except for [[sexual intercourse]]), by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods.<ref>Based on "masturbation" in ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition'', Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003</ref> Masturbation is the most common form of [[autoeroticism]]{{Fact|date=Christian Television Channels Online=July 2008}}, and the two words are often used as [[synonym]]s, although masturbation with a partner ([[mutual masturbation]]) is also common. [[Non-human animal sexual behavior#Autoeroticism (masturbation)|Animal masturbation]] has been observed in many species, both in the wild and in captivity.<ref>[http://www.petplace.com/horses/breeding-soundness-examination-of-the-stallion/page2.aspx Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion]</ref><!--Do not delete this reference. It is a *named reference* and may be used elsewhere in the article:--><ref name="Bagemihl,1999">Bruce Bagemihl: Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-19239-8</ref><ref>For further references, see also the main article [[Animal sexuality#Autoeroticism (masturbation)]].</ref>
===TBN=Masturbation techniques ==#Ways of masturbating common to members of both sexes include pressing or rubbing the [[http://boss.streamos.com/wmedia-live/tbn/8031/500_tbn-tbn_050222.asx Watch TBN (wmp - broadband 500k)genital]] #area, either with the fingers or against an object such as a [[http://www.streamingfaith.com/faithpass/index.aspx?nsn=TBN Watch TBNpillow]]#; inserting fingers or an object into the [[http://www.tbn.org/watch/tbnlive/tbn56.ram Watch TBN anus]] (real - modemsee [[anal masturbation]])] #; and stimulating the penis or vulva with electric [[http://www.tbn.org/watch/tbnlive/tbn100.ram Watch TBN Vibrator (real - broadband 100ksensual)|vibrator]] #s, which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus. Members of both sexes may also enjoy touching, rubbing, or pinching the [[http://www.tbn.org/watch/tbnlive/tbn300.ram Watch TBN (real - broadband 300k)nipple]] #s or other [[http://wwwerogenous zones]] while masturbating.tbn.org/watch/tbnlive/tbn500.ram Watch TBN (real - broadband 500k)Both sexes sometimes apply [[personal lubricant|lubricating] #[http://www.tbn.org/ TBN Trinity Broadcasting] teaching/talk #*[http://wwwsubstances to intensify sensation.tbn.org/watch/broadcastschedule/ program schedule]
Some people get [[sexual pleasure]] by [[urethral play|inserting objects into the urethra]] (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows).<ref name="Alice05">{{cite web |last =|first =The Church Channel"Alice" |title =Go ask Alice!: Cock-stuffing |publisher =Columbia University, New York |date = 2005-02-18 |url =#[http://www.churchchannelgoaskalice.tvcolumbia.edu/watch3516.html |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</cc100ref> If these objects are [[Urethral sounding|urethral sounds]], the practice is known as "sounding".asx Watch The Church Channel (wmp <ref name="BME06">{{cite web |last = Various authors |first = |title = Urethral Sound |publisher = Body Modification Ezine |date = 2006-04- broadband 100k)] #[21 |url = http://wwwwiki.bmezine.churchchannelcom/index.tvphp/watchUrethral_Sound |format = html/cc300.asx Watch The Church Channel (wmp wiki |accessdate = 2006-07- broadband 300k)]#[http:29}}</ref> Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury and/wwwor infection.churchchannel<ref name="JAAPA06">{{cite web |last = McPartlin |first = Daniel |coauthors = Adam P.tv/watch/cc56Klausner, MD; Tristan T.asx Watch The Church Channel (wmp Berry, MD |title = Case report: A foreign body in the urethra |publisher = Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants |date = 2005-09- modem)]#[09 |url = http://www.streamingfaithjaapa.com/faithpassissues/index.aspx?nsn=TCC Watch The Church Channel]#[http:j20050901/articles/wwwurethral0905.churchchannel.tvhtm |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ The Church Channelref> Some people masturbate by using [[automated erotic stimulation device|machines] preaching #*[http://www.churchchannel] that simulate intercourse.tv/schedule/ program schedule]
===Digital Bible StudyFemale ===#Female masturbation techniques include a woman stroking or rubbing her [[vulva]], especially her [[clitoris]], with her [[index finger|index]] and/or [[middle finger]]s. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to repeatedly stroke its frontal wall where the [[Gräfenberg spot|g-spot]] is located.<ref name="Keesling99">{{cite web |last = Keesling |first = Barbara |title = Beyond Orgasmatron |publisher = Psychology Today |date = November/December 99 (Last Reviewed: 30 August 2004) |url = http://www.digitalbiblestudypsychologytoday.com/ Digital Bible Study] Internet Only bible study articles/index.php?term=pto-19991101-000038&page=2 |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ teaching ref>#*Masturbation aids such as a [[Vibrator (sensual)|vibrator]], [[dildo]] or [http://www[Ben Wa balls]] can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris.digitalbiblestudyMany women caress their breasts or stimulate a [[nipple]] with the free hand, if these are receptive areas for sexual stimulation.com/scheduleAnal stimulation is also enjoyed by some.asp program schedule[[Personal lubricant|Lubrication]] is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when [[Sexual penetration|penetration]] is involved, but this is not universal and many women find their [[Vaginal lubrication|natural lubrication]] sufficient.
Thoughts, fantasies, and memories of previous instances of arousal and orgasm can produce sexual excitation. Some women can orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone, although this may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved.<ref name="Koedt70">{{cite web |last =Koedt |first =Anne |title =SkyguideThe Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm |publisher =Chicago Women's Liberation Union |date =1970 |url =#http://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings/myth-of-the-vaginal-orgasm.html |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref><ref name=kins>The Kinsey Institute [http://www.skyangelkinseyinstitute.comorg/Programmingresearch/GuideChannelPopupak-data.asp?Id=33 skyguidehtml#masturbation Data from Alfred Kinsey's studies]. Published online.</ref>
Sex therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, especially if they have not done so before.<ref name="Shuman06">{{cite web |last =Shuman |first =Tracy |title =Good TVYour Guide to Masturbation |publisher =WebMD, Inc./The Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date =2006-02 |url =#[http://www.goodtvwebmd.tvcom/content/article/45/goodtv2953_487.ram Watch Good TV] #[htm |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref><ref name="Knowles02">{{cite web |last = Knowles |first = Jon |title = Masturbation — From Stigma to Sexual Health |publisher = Katharine Dexter McCormick Library/Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. |date = 2002-11 |url = http://www.goodtvplannedparenthood.comorg/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/medical-sexual-health/masturbation-6360.twhtm |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ Good TV] Satelitte taiwanese tvref>
===Gospel videosMale ===#[http[Image://wwwMasturbating man2.streamingfaith.com/faithpass/index.aspx?nsn=GF Watch Gospel FlavaJPG|thumb|right|A man masturbating]] #Male masturbation techniques are also influenced by a number of factors and personal preferences. Techniques may also differ between [[http://www.gospelflava.com Gospel Flava TVcircumcision|circumcised]] Internet Only gospel videos#and [[http://www.streamingfaith.com/faithpass/index.aspx?nsn=GMTN Watch Gospel Music Television Networkforeskin|uncircumcised]] #[http://wwwmales, as some techniques which may work for one can be quite painful for the other.gmtn.info/ Gospel Music Television] Satelitte southern gospel videos
===LLBN Loma Linda Broadcasting=Mutual masturbation ==#[http[Image://wwwGeiger-masturbation-mutuelle.llbnjpg|thumb|right|[[Johann Nepomuk]], [[watercolor]], 1840.tv/ LLBN Loma Linda Broadcasting] Satellite talk/lifestyle/heatlh ]#*{{Main|Mutual masturbation}}''Mutual masturbation'' is a [http://www.llbn.tv/index[sexual act]] where two or more people stimulate themselves or one another sexually, usually with the hands.php?option=com_na_content&task=view&id=59&showico=1&Itemid=61 program schedule]
===The Miracle Channel=Masturbation frequency, age and sex ==#Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., one's resistance to [http://70[sexual tension]], [[hormone]] levels influencing [[sexual arousal]], sexual habits, peer influences, health and one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture.<ref> E.87Heiby and J.8Becker examined the latter.31/miracle-sat Watch The Miracle Channel] #[http://www.miraclechannelncbi.canlm.nih.gov/ The Miracle Channelentrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7396686&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum] Lethbridge</ref> Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.<ref>"Bladder calculus presenting as excessive masturbation." ''Ceylon Med. J.'' 2006 Sept., AB51(3):121-2.</ref><ref>"Excessive masturbation after epilepsy surgery." ''Epilepsy Behav.'' 2004 Feb., Canada teaching/talk #*[http5(1):133-6.<//wwwref><ref>"Severe impulsiveness as the primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a young female." ''Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.'' 2005 Dec.miraclechannel, 59(6):739-42.ca</index.php?page=chnl_tvs program schedule] ref>
Different studies have found that masturbation is frequent in humans. [[Alfred Kinsey|Alfred Kinsey's]] studies have shown that 92% of men and 62% of women have masturbated during their lifespan.<ref name=kins/> Similar results have been found in a British national probability survey. It was found that 95% of men and 71% of women masturbated at some point in their lives. 73% of men and 37% of women reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview, while 53% of men and 18% of women reported masturbating in the previous seven days.<ref name==MiracleNet TV===#gerr>Gerressu, M., Mercer, C.H., Graham, C.A., Wellings, K. and Johnson, A.M. (2007). [http://www.miraclenetncbi.nlm.nih.tvgov/ MiracleNet TVsites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17333329 Prevalence of Masturbation and Associated Factors in a British National Probability Survey] Satelitte teaching/preaching #*[http://www.miraclenet''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Published online.tv</prog_sched.html program schedule] ref>
It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a [[heterosexual]] relationship than men. Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse. One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.<ref>Heilborn, M.L. and Cabral, C.S. (2006). [http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2006000700011&lng=Shepards Chapel=en&nrm=iso&tlng=#[httpen Sexual practices in youth:analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse]. ''Cad Saude Publica, 22, 7,'' pp. 1471-81. Epub 2006 Jun 14.</ref><ref name=gerr/65><ref>Menon, A.167, McAllister, R.13H.73:8080/ramgen/encoder/shepherd, Watson, W. and Watson, S.rm Watch Shepards Chapel (real2006)] #. [http://wwwjop.shepherdschapelsagepub.com/sc1cgi/content/abstract/20/1/125 Increased libido associated with quetiapine]. ''Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 1,'' pp. 125-7.</ref><ref>Sexual behavior in lesbian and heterosexual women: relations with menstrual cycle phase and partner availability. Psychoneuroendocrinology.asx Watch Shepards Chapel 2002 May;27(wmp4)] #[http://www489-503.shepherdschapel.com</ Shepherd's Chapel Satellite] Satelitte teachingref>
===TCT Network=Evolutionary utility ==[http://www.streamingfaithMasturbation may increase fertility during intercourse.com/faithpass/index.aspx?nsn=TCT Watch TCT Network] #[http://www.tct-net.org/ TCT] teaching #*[http://titantvguide.titantv.com/apg/grid.aspx?siteid=52465 program schedule]
Female masturbation alters conditions in the vagina, cervix and uterus, in ways that can alter the chances of conception from intercourse, depending on the timing of the masturbation. A woman's orgasm between one minute before and up to 45 minutes after insemination favors the chances of that sperm reaching her egg. If, for example, she has had intercourse with more than one male, such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy by one of them.<ref>{{cite book |last =Baker |first =Robin |title =Tele Vida AbundanteSperm Wars: The Science of Sex |publisher =Diane Books Publishing Company |date=June 1996 |isbn =#[http:978-0788160042}}<//wwwref><ref name=Ejaculate_manipulation_by_females>{{cite journal |last = Baker |first = Robin R.unored|coauthors = Bellis, Mark A.com/streams/televida|year = 1993 |month = Nov |title = Human sperm competition: Ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm.asx Watch Tele Vida Abundante] #[|journal = Animal Behaviour |volume = 46 |issue = 5 |pages = p887, 23p |url = http://wwwcat.radiovidaabundanteinist.comfr/home.html Tele Vida Abundante] Internet Only spanish tv#[http:?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3768816}}<//tvatalaianetref> Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.globalradios.com<ref name=Ejaculate_manipulation_by_females/studiopalmas.asx Watch TV AtalaiaNet] >
In males, masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculate then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male has intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will [[Sperm competition|compete]] more effectively.<ref>{{cite paper |author =Thomsen, Ruth |title =Sperm Competition and the Function of Masturbation in Japanese Macaques |publisher =AtalaiaNetLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München |date=October 2000 |url =http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00000105/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Baker |first = Robin R. |coauthors = Bellis, Mark A. |year = 1993 |month = Nov |title = Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation. |journal = Animal Behaviour |volume = 46 |issue = 5 |pages = p861, 25p |url =#[http://wwwcat.atalaianetinist.comfr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3768815}}</ TV AtalaiaNet] brazillian tv #*[ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Shackelford |first = Todd K. |coauthors = Goetz, Aaron T. |year = 2007 |month = Feb |title = Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans. |journal = Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume = 16 |issue = 1 |pages = p47-50 |url = http://www.atalaianetblackwell-synergy.com/pagedoi/abs/10.1111/j.php?idc=00002&id=14 program schedule] 1467-8721.2007.00473.x}}</ref>
==Health and psychological effects===TV Novo Tempo== Benefits ===#The physical benefits of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating creates heightened arousal while [[epinephrine]] courses through the body, producing the flushed face, shallow breath and post-climactic [[Euphoria (emotion)|euphoria]].<ref>{{Citation |title = Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships |date = [[April 19]] |year = 2007 |url = http://tvbadgerherald.novotempocom/oped/2007/04/19/masturbation_key_to_.org.brphp |accessdate = July 2007}}</ TV Novo Temporef> It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve [[clinical depression|depression] south america #*]{{Fact|date=September 2008}}, stress and lead to a higher sense of [[Self-esteem|self-worth]] (Hurlbert & Whittaker, 1991). Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other – in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.<ref>{{Citation |title = Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships |date = [[April 19]] |year = 2007 |url = http://wwwbadgerherald.novotempo.org.brcom/oped/2007/04/tvnovotempo19/indexmasturbation_key_to_.asp?Conteudophp |accessdate =progJuly 2007}} However, the alleged benefits of masturbation must be qualified with the acknowledgment that the practice is just as likely to exacerbate feelings of loneliness.asp program schedule] </ref>
[[Mutual masturbation]], the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the "map to [their] pleasure centers". Witnessing a partner masturbate is an educational activity to find out the method a partner pleases him- or herself, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched.<ref>{{Citation |title =Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships |date =[[April 19]] |year =TV Nuevo Tiempo==2007 |url =#[http://wwwbadgerherald.nuevotiempo.orgcom/oped/ TV Nuevo Tiempo] spanish tv network #*[http:2007/04/www.nuevotiempo.org19/indexmasturbation_key_to_.asp?Conteudophp |accessdate =Programacao.asp program schedule] September 2007}}</ref>
A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity. Excerpt, "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)." That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more more times per week than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between 3 to 5 ejaculations per week for healthy males, this would mean 5 to 7 ejaculations per week. This is consistent with a 2003 Australia article on the benefits against prostate cancer.<ref>{{Citation | title =Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study | date =December 20 | year =UBN==1997 | url =#[http://progbmj.videorelaybmjjournals.com/ubntvcgi/live.asx Watch UBN] #[http:content/full/315/www.ubntv.org7123/ Unity Broadcasting] Booneville, MS teaching 1641#*[http: | accessdate = July 2007 }}<//www.ubntv.org/programtv53.html program schedule] ref>
Some professionals consider masturbation to function as a cardiovascular workout.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors =Benjamin Graber, Scott Balogh, Denis Fitzpatrick and Shelton Hendricks | title =Cardiovascular changes associated with sexual arousal and orgasm in men | journal =WHTSexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment | volume =4 | issue =2 | pages =151-165#[http://leseanet.com/wht1.asx Watch WHT (dialup)] | publisher = Springer Netherlands | date = June, 1991#[ | url = http://www.leseaspringerlink.com/index.cfmcontent/fam28k5475630n5872/wht World Harvest Television] Satelitte teaching | doi = 10.1007/talk/entertainment BF00851611 | id = 1079-0632 (Print) 1573-286X (Online)#*[http: | accessdate = 2004-12-28 }}<//whtref> Though research is still as yet scant, those suffering from cardiovascular disorders (particularly those recovering from myocardial infarction, or heart attacks) should resume physical activity (including sexual intercourse and masturbation) gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow.titantvThis limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance.com/ program schedule]
===The Worship NetworkBlood pressure ===#[http://worshipBoth sex and masturbation lower blood pressure. A small study has shown that in one test group, recent full intercourse resulted in the lowest average blood pressure in stressful situations. Masturbation then led to lower blood pressure than did no recent sexual activity.net/worshiplive<ref>Brody, Stuart.asx Watch The Worship Network] #[http://www"Blood pressure reactivity to stress is better for people who recently had penile-vaginal intercourse than for people who had other or no sexual activity.worship" ''Biological Psychology'', Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2006, pages 214-222.net</ The Worship] praise & worship videos ref>
===Three Angels BroadcastingInsertion ===#[http:Objects inserted into the vagina, anus//wwwrectum or urethra should be clean and of a kind that will not scratch or break.3abnCare should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus – any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise retrieval can require medical intervention.org/tv.cfm 3ABN TV: Three Angels BroadcastingModern [[dildo]] Satelitte teaching/talk show #*s and [http://www.3abn.org/broadcast_schedule.cfm program schedule] #*[http://www.skyangel.com/Programming/GuideChannelPopup.asp?Id=27 skyguideButt plug|anal plugs] #[http://boss.streamos.com/real-live/tabn/7867/300_tabn-tv_050207.ram Watch 3ABN (real)] #[http://bossare designed with this feature.streamos.com/wmedia-live/tabn/7867/300_tabn-tv_050207.asx Watch 3ABN (wmp)]
===Alkarma TVPregnancy ===Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see ''[[Non-penetrative sex#Mutual masturbation|mutual masturbation]]'') can result in pregnancy only if [[http://www.alkarmatv.com/en/watch_us_live_stream.html Alkarma TVsemen]]#*contacts the [[http://www.alkarmatvvulva]].com/en/programsMasturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.html program schedule]
===Australian Christian ChannelProblems for males ===#A man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a [[penile fracture]]<ref>[http://www.acctvemedicine.com/med/topic3415.htm eMedicine article on Penile Fracture and Trauma]</ref> or suffer from [[Peyronie's disease]].au<ref>[http:/showstream_broad/www.asp?intid=18 Watch Australian Christian Channelaafp.org/afp/990800ap/549.html American Academy of Family Physicians article on Peyronie's Disease: Current Management]</ref> [[Phimosis]] #*is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back".<ref>[http://www.acctvnetdoctor.comco.auuk/schedulediseases/facts/phimosis.asp program schedulehtm netdoctor.co.uk article on Foreskin contraction (phimosis)] </ref> In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
===Arabic Christian TVCompulsive masturbation ===#[[Sigmund Freud]] argued that every normal child usually experiments with many types of [[autoerotic]] sexual stimulation. Social repressions of sexuality reached their peak in the [[Victorian era]] when popular authors wrote books threatening young children with [[mental deficiency]] or [[insanity]] if they indulged in any form of masturbation. Actually there is no scientific evidence of any causative relationship between autoeroticism and any form of mental disorder. Though mentally disturbed persons characteristically show poor judgment in expressing sexuality, this may be understood as a symptom rather than a cause.Each child however, must learn the appropriate social and legal limitations relating to expressing sexuality.Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself,<ref>[http://www.alkarmatvvpul.upenn.edu/ohe/library/Sexhealth/articles/masturbating.htm University of Pennsylvania Office of Health Education article on masturbation]</ref> but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress. In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the masturbation.<ref>[http://www.chmed.com/ Alkarma TVmod.php?mod=userpage&menu=1907&page_id=142&PHPSESSID=a76dc0f6fb1882506f5666b63fb98062 Childrens Medical Office of North Andover, P.C. article on Masturbation in Early Childhood] Satellite arabic christian tv </ref>
==External LinksMasturbation in history and society ===== Antiquity === There are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric [[rock painting]]s around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human sexuality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of [[Malta]], depicts a woman masturbating.<ref>"The [[Ħaġar Qim]] woman is... masturbating, with one hand languidly supporting her head. " Taylor, Timothy. ''Uncovering the prehistory of sex'', British Archaeology, no 15, June 1996: [http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba15/ba15feat.html].</ref> However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common. From the earliest records, ancient [[Sumer]] had a relaxed attitude toward sex, and masturbation was a popular technique for enhancing potency, either alone or with a partner.<ref>Dening, Sarah. ''The Mythology of Sex''. Macmillian 1996, ISBN 978 0028612072</ref><ref>Dening, Sarah, ''The Mythology of Sex'' [http://www.ishtartemple.org/myth.htm Chapter 3]</ref> Male masturbation became an even more important image in [[ancient Egypt]]: when performed by a god it could be considered a creative or magical act: the god [[Atum]] was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation, and the ebb and flow of the [[Nile]] was attributed to the frequency of his ejaculations. Egyptian [[pharoahs]], in response to this, were at one time required to masturbate ceremonially into the Nile.<ref> Johnathan Margolis, "O: The intimate history of the orgasm", 2003. p134</ref> The ancient [[Greeks]] had a more relaxed attitude toward masturbation than the Egyptians did, regarding the act as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure. They considered it a safety valve against destructive sexual frustration. The Greeks also dealt with female masturbation in both their art and writings. One common term used for it was ''anaphlan,'' which roughly translates as "up-fire". [[Diogenes of Sinope|Diogenes]], speaking in jest, credited the god [[Hermes]] with its invention: he allegedly took pity on his son [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]], who was pining for [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] but unable to seduce her, and taught him the trick of masturbation in order to relieve his suffering. Pan in his turn taught the habit to young shepherds.<ref>Dio Crysostom, ''Discourses,'' iv.20</ref> === Religious views ==={{main|Religious views on masturbation}}:''Also see [[Sexuality and religion|Sexuality and Religion]] for broad coverage of this topic''Religions vary broadly in their views of masturbation, from completely impermissible<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm#2352|title = Catechism of the Catholic Church|accessdate = 2007-10-08|quote = Both the Magisterium of the Church, in the course of a constant tradition, and the moral sense of the faithful have been in no doubt and have firmly maintained that masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action.}}</ref> to encouraged as a way to achieve greater spirituality (see, for example [[Tantric sexuality]] and [[Taoist sexual practices]]). In the modern [[St. Priapus Church]], group male masturbation is a form of worship.<ref>Wayne Dynes (ed., 1990). ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' (New York: Garland) p. 779.</ref> === Philosophical arguments ===[[Immanuel Kant]] regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In the ''[[Metaphysics of Morals]]'' (1797) he made the ''[[a posteriori]]'' argument that 'such an unnatural use of one's sexual attributes' strikes 'everyone upon his thinking of it' as 'a violation of one's duty to himself', and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of [[suicide]]). He went on, however, to acknowledge that 'it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use', but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that 'a man gives up his personality … when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive'. Subsequent critics of masturbation tended to argue against it on more physiological grounds, however (see [[Masturbation#Medical attitudes|medical attitudes]]). === Medical attitudes ==={{Refimprovesect|date=March 2008}}The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation appears to be ''Onania'', an anonymous pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716. It drew on familiar themes of sin and vice, this time in particular against the "heinous sin" of "self-pollution". After dire warnings that those who so indulged would suffer [[impotence]], [[gonorrhea]], [[epilepsy]] and a wasting of the faculties (included were letters and testimonials supposedly from young men ill and dying from the effects of compulsive masturbation) the pamphlet then goes on to recommend as an effective remedy a "Strengthening Tincture" at 10 shillings a bottle and a "Prolific Powder" at 12 shillings a bag, available from a local shop.[[Image:Sexpatent01-excerpt.png|thumb|left|A [[patented]] device designed to prevent masturbation by inflicting electric shocks upon the perpetrator, by ringing an alarm bell, and through spikes at the inner edge of the tube into which the penis is inserted. The entire patent document: [[Media:Sexpatent01.png|Page 1]], [[Media:Sexpatent02.png|2]], [[Media:Sexpatent03.png|3]], [[Media:Sexpatent04.png|4]].]] One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in ''Onania'' was the notable Swiss physician [[Samuel-Auguste Tissot]]. In 1760, he published ''L'Onanisme'', his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Citing case studies of young male masturbators amongst his patients in [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]] as basis for his reasoning, Tissot argued that semen was an "essential oil" and "stimulus" that, when lost from the body in great amounts, would cause "a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason; blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, all types of [[gout]] and [[rheumatism]], weakening of the organs of generation, blood in the urine, disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders." Though Tissot's ideas are now considered [[hypothesis|conjectural]] at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent. The authority with which the work was subsequently treated – Tissot's arguments were even acknowledged and echoed by luminaries such as [[Kant]] and [[Voltaire]] – arguably turned the perception of masturbation in Western medicine over the next two centuries into that of a debilitating illness. This continued well into the [[Victorian Era]], where such medical censure of masturbation was in line with the widespread social [[conservatism]] and opposition to open sexual behavior common at the time.<ref>[http://www.noharmm.org/paige.htm The Ritual of Circumcision]</ref><ref>Stengers, Jean; van Neck, Anne. ''Masturbation: the history of a great terror''. New York: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 0-312-22443-5.</ref> There were recommendations to have boys' pants constructed so that the genitals could not be touched through the pockets, for schoolchildren to be seated at special desks to prevent their crossing their legs in class and for girls to be forbidden from riding horses and bicycles because the sensations these activities produce were considered too similar to masturbation. Boys and young men who nevertheless continued to indulge in the practice were branded as "weak-minded."<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/Sexpatent02.png Surgical Appliance]</ref> Many "remedies" were devised, including eating a bland, meatless diet. This approach was promoted by [[John Harvey Kellogg|Dr. John Harvey Kellogg]] (inventor of [[corn flakes]]) and [[Sylvester Graham|Rev. Sylvester Graham]] (inventor of [[Graham cracker]]s). The medical literature of the times describes procedures for electric shock treatment, [[infibulation]], restraining devices like [[chastity belt]]s and [[straitjacket]]s, [[cauterization]] or – as a last resort – wholesale [[Excision|surgical excision]] of the genitals. Routine neonatal [[circumcision]] was widely adopted in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] at least partly because of its believed preventive effect against masturbation (see also [[History of male circumcision#Male circumcision to prevent masturbation|History of male circumcision]]). In later decades, the more drastic of these measures were increasingly replaced with psychological techniques, such as warnings that masturbation led to blindness, hairy hands or stunted growth. Some of these persist as myths even today.[[Image:Chastity belt Heyser 0.png|thumb|Image of a [[chastity belt]] from a patent document. For entire document, see: [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 1.png|Page 1]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 2.png|2]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 3.png|3]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 4.png|4]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 5.png|5]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 6.png|6]]]] At the same time, the supposed medical condition of [[hysteria]]—from the Greek ''hystera'' or uterus—was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women. Techniques included use of the earliest vibrators and rubbing the genitals with placebo creams.<ref name=Maines>{{cite book|id=ISBN 0-8018-6646-4|title=The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria", the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction|author=Rachel P. Maines|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press | location=Baltimore|year=1999}}</ref> Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change at the beginning of the 20th century when [[H. Havelock Ellis]], in his seminal 1897 work ''Studies in the Psychology of Sex'', questioned Tissot's premises, cheerfully named famous men of the era who masturbated and then set out to disprove (with the work of more recent physicians) each of the claimed diseases of which masturbation was purportedly the cause. "We reach the conclusion", he wrote, "that in the case of moderate masturbation in healthy, well-born individuals, no seriously pernicious results necessarily follow." [[Robert Baden-Powell]], the founder of [[The Scout Association]], incorporated a passage in the 1914 edition of ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' warning against the dangers of masturbation. This passage stated that the individual should run away from the temptation by performing physical activity which was supposed to tire the individual so that masturbation could not be performed. By 1930, however, Dr. [[F. W. W. Griffin]], editor of ''The Scouter,'' had written in a book for Rover Scouts that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing [[H. Havelock Ellis|Ellis]]' work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error." The works of Sexologist [[Alfred Kinsey]] during the 1940s and 1950s insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females, citing the results of Gallup Poll surveys indicating how common it was in the United States. Some critics of this theory held that his research was biased and that the Gallup Poll method was redundant for defining "natural behavior". In 1994, when the [[Surgeon General of the United States]], Dr. [[Joycelyn Elders]], mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school [[curriculum|curricula]] that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was forced to resign,<ref>[http://www.jackinworld.com/library/articles/elders.html JackinLibrary: Joycelyn Elders]</ref> with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of ''how'' to masturbate. Many believe this was the result of her long history of promoting controversial viewpoints and not due solely to her public mention of masturbation. === Law ===The legal status of masturbation throughout history has varied from virtually unlimited acceptance to complete illegality. In a 1640s law code for the [[Puritan]] colony of [[New Haven, Connecticut]] in the 17th century "[[blasphemy|blasphemers]], [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] and masturbators" were eligible for the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]].<ref>{{cite book | last = James | first = Lawrence | authorlink = Lawrence James | title = The Rise and Fall of the British Empire | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin |date=[[September 15]], [[1997]] | pages = 41 | isbn = 978-0312169855 }} The context is a discussion of the social habits of the early North American colonists.</ref> === Masturbate-a-thon ==={{main | Masturbate-a-thon}}[[Image:CSC Herme Masturbate-a-Thon Logo Original for Wiki.jpg|thumb|right]]Masturbate-a-thons are public, charity events that are "intended to encourage people to explore safer sex, talk about masturbation and lift the taboos that still surround the subject."<ref name="Masturbate-a-thon.co.uk">{{cite web | title = Masturbate-a-thon website | publisher = Masturbate-a-thon | date = 2006-08-04 | url = http://www.masturbate-a-thon.co.uk/ | format = html | accessdate = 2006-08-06}}</ref> May is considered "Masturbation Month" by sex-positive organizations and activists, including [[Betty Dodson]], [[Joani Blank]], [[Susan Block]], [[Kyla Zellers]], [[Carol Queen]], and [[Gary Francis Fanning Jr.]]. == Euphemisms ==A large variety of [[euphemism]]s and [[dysphemism]]s exist which describe masturbation. For a complete list of terms, see the entry for ''[[wikt:Wikisaurus:masturbate|masturbate]]'' in [[Wiktionary|Wikisaurus]]. == Masturbation in media =====Paintings and drawings===[[Image:Klimt Mulher sentada.jpg|thumb|A Young Woman Masturbating, depicted by [[Gustav Klimt]]]] There are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric [[rock painting]]s around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human sexuality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of [[Malta]], depicts a woman masturbating. However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common. ===Film=== <!-- Please expand this section, but do not attempt to compile a list of every masturbation scene ever filmed. Any unsourced content will be removed. -->A number of films feature masturbation scenes. ===Music===In popular music, there are a handful of songs that deal with the issue of masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are "[[My Ding-a-Ling]]" by [[Chuck Berry]] and "[[Pictures of Lily]]" by [[The Who]].<ref>"''Merely a ditty about masturbation and the importance of it to a young man. I was really diggin' at my folks who, when catching me at it, would talk in loud voices in the corridor outside my room. "Why can't he go with girls like other boys?''" Quote by [[Pete Townshend]]</ref> Some of the more recent popular songs are "[[Turning Japanese]]" by [[The Vapors]], a reference to the Oriental facial features people get at the moment of climax and "[[She Bop]]" by [[Cyndi Lauper]] which was so obviously about masturbation that it was required to have a [[parental advisory]] sticker. In an interview Lauper admitted recording the song naked. "[[I Touch Myself]]" by [[Divinyls]] is a celebration of female masturbation. "[[Touch of My Hand]]" by [[Britney Spears]] is also about how female masturbation is normal. The song [[Orgasm Addict]] by The [[Buzzcocks]] also features lyrics centered around the theme of masturbation. Another song, [[Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too]] By [[Say Anything]] has a chorus that repeats the lines "She Touched Herself". The song [[Masturbation]] by rock group [[Mindless Self Indulgence]] also deals with the concept of auto-erotic activity in a [[Punk subculture|punk]] framework.===Literature=== In October 1972, an important censorship case was held in Australia, leading to the banning of [[Philip Roth]]'s novel ''[[Portnoy's Complaint]]'' in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the time. <ref>[http://www.crikey.com.au/Politics/20060829-Censorship-and-Don-Chipp.html Crikey - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Masturbation in other animal species =={{main | Animal sexuality#Autoeroticism (masturbation)}}Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes.<ref name="Bagemihl,1999"/>