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{{quote | text=In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. [[Genesis 1:1]]}} ==Synopsis== Christians may disagree to the exact way in which [[God]] created the universe, but regardless of views, Christians all recognize one God, who created everything. Some Christians believe in the literal 6-day creation account of [[Genesis]] and mark the universe as 6,000 years old. Others believe the account, but say the time-frames are not known. And some believe that the stories of Genesis should not be taken literally, but instead are symbols or representations of why the world is the way it is. '''Creation science''' is the theory that attempts to offer scientific evidence compatible with creation literally according to Genesis. '''Intelligent design''' is the assertion that certain features of the universe and of living things exhibit the characteristics of a product resulting from an intelligent agent (God), as opposed to an unguided process. '''Evolution''' is the theory by which living creatures acquire and pass on new traits from generation to generation, affecting the overall makeup of the population and even leading to the emergence of new species. There are two main evolutionary theories regarding the origin of humanity: the multi-region hypothesis and the out-of-Africa model (based on Y chromosome Adam and Mitochondrial Eve). ==Contents== {{topics}}* [[Natural theology]] {{opinions}}* [[Thoughts on creation science and evolution (G.G.)]] {{quotes}} {{links}}* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_science Wikipedia - Creation science]* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design Wikipedia - Intelligent design]* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution Wikipedia - Evolution]* [http://creationwiki.org/Creation_science CreationWiki - Creation science]* [http://creationwiki.org/Intelligent_design CreationWiki - Intelligent design]* [http://creationwiki.org/Evolution CreationWiki - Evolution]

==Main article=[[Creation Science]]===

Christians may disagree <center>"There is no evidence, scientific or otherwise, to support the exact way in which God created theory of evolution."<br>Sir Cecil Wakeley KBE CB DSc MCh.<ref>Foreword by Sir Cecil Wakeley to the universe1967 book by retired professor H Enoch, but regardless of views"Evolution or Creation", Christians all recognize one God, who created everythingEvangelical Press. Some Christians believe in the literal 6</ref> President 1949-day creation account 1954 of Genesis and mark the universe as 6,000 years oldRoyal College of Surgeons of England. Others believe the account, but say the time Editor 1947-frames are not known. And some believe that the stories of Genesis should not be taken literally, but instead are symbols or representations of why the world is the way it is1969 Ann R Coll Surg Engl. </center>

===Creation Science===science is the theory that attempts to offer scientific evidence compatible with creation literally according to Genesis. This includes both the belief that the earth is only about 6,000 years old ([[Young Earth Creationism]]) and billions of years old ([[Old Earth Creationism]]). Although there are some out-spoken Christians with science-backgrounds who subscribe to these views, the vast majority of the world's scientists do not.

Creation science The letter from eight professors and three readers provides a useful introduction, at web page [[Creationism among British scientists]]. There is a literature review<ref>McIntosh A (2001), "Genesis for today", Day One Publications. Also later editions.</ref> by Professor Andy McIntosh DSc FIMA CMath FInstE CEng FInstP MIGEM FRAeS of the theory that attempts to offer scientific evidence compatible with creation literally according to GenesisUniversity of Leeds.

===[[Intelligent Design]]===

===[[Evolution]]===

Evolution is the theory by which living creatures acquire and pass on randomly-acquired new traits from generation to generation, affecting the overall makeup make-up of the population and even leading to the emergence of new species.

====[[Theistic Evolution of man]]====

=====MultiIn recent decades the theory of evolution, in particular, the teaching that humans can trace their origins back through earlier pre-region hypothesis=====human primates through evolution, has caused great debate among Christian circles. Many Christians have seen this as incompatible with Scripture, whereas others have conceded that, given the general scientific consensus, it is possible that our understanding of how best to interpret Genesis needs re-evaluation. Christian theology that considers the early chapters of Genesis symbolic and suspect that God brought about humanity through the process of evolution is sometimes referred to as "theistic evolution".

=====[[Out of Of Africa hypothesis and Y Chromosome Adam and Mitochondrial Eve=Hypothesis]] versus [[Multi-Region Hypothesis]]====

In paleoanthropologyInterestingly, more recent scientific developments in understanding through genetic analysis have led to the theory that all humans living today can trace their ancestry back to a single woman (the Mitochondrial Eve theory) and a single-origin hypothesis man (the Y Chromosome Adam theory) who came from Africa (or the Out-ofOf-Africa modelHypothesis) is one of two accounts of . Although this doesn't line up with the origin Genesis account on a number of anatomically modern humanslevels, Homo sapiens. (The other theory it is closer to the Genesis than the multiregional hypothesisprevious scientific Multi-Region Hypothesis of humans independently evolving in different continents.)

Because of the scarcity of fossils and [[Justin Martyr]], ''Justin on the discovery of important new finds every few yearsresurrection, researchers disagree about the details and sometimes even basic elements of human evolutionary history'' chapter VI. While they have revised this history several times over the last decades In ANF1, researchers currently agree that the oldest named species of the genus Homois, [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01 Roberts A, Donaldson J and Coxe AC (1885) ''Ante-Nicene Fathers, Homo habilisVol 1'', evolved in Africa around two million years agoat Christian Classics Ethereal Library.] [No later than 300AD.]: And Plato says that all things are made from matter by God, and according to His design; but Epicurus and his followers say that members all things are made from the atom and the void by some kind of self-regulating action of the genus migrated "out natural movement of Africa" somewhat laterthe bodies.. The descendants of these ancient migrants, which probably included Homo erectus, have become known through fossils uncovered far from Africa, such as those of "Peking man" and "Java man". The Homo neanderthalensis is also considered a descendant of early migrants.

'''Single exodus from Africa?''' Assuming only relatively recent migrants from Africa gave rise to today's non-African humans, was there more than one migration that left descendants? (for example, one each via the north and south ends of the Red Sea)==Links==* Stephen Oppenheimer is one proponent of a single exodus* John Hawks in Playing games with dates criticizes current presentations of the idea '''Multiregional hypothesis''' The opponents of a single origin argue that interbreeding indeed occurred, and that the characteristics of modern humans, including those that have been and still are perceived by some to distinguish races, could only be the result of genetic contributions from several earlier lineages that evolved semi-independently in different parts of the world. This is the "multiregional hypothesis". '''Mitochondrial Eve''' Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal common ancestor of all living humans. Eve was a member of a population of humans around 150,000 years ago in Africa. We know about Eve because of mitochondria organelles that are only passed from mother to offspring. Each mitochondrion contains Mitochondrial DNA, and the comparison of DNA sequences from Mt DNA reveals a phylogeny[http://en. Based on the molecular clock technique of correlating elapsed time with observed genetic drift, Eve is believed to have lived about 150,000 years agowikipedia. '''Matrilineal descent''' Although Mitochondrial Eve was named after Eve of the Genesis creation myth, this has led to some misunderstandings amongst the general public. A common misconception is that Mitochondrial Eve was the only living female of her time org/wiki/Creation_science Wikipedia -- she was not thought to be. It is thought that there wer many women alive at the same time as Mitochondrial Eve, but only Mitochondrial Eve produced an unbroken line of daughters that persists today -- each of the other matrilineal lineages was broken when a woman had no children or only sons.Creation science] Consider a family tree of all humans living today. Now imagine a line from each individual to their mother, and continue those lines from each of those mothers to their mothers, and so on* [http://en. Going back through time the lineages will converge as sisters share the same motherwikipedia. The further back in time one goes, the fewer lineages there will be until only one lineage is left -org/wiki/Intelligent_design Wikipedia - this is the common matrilineal ancestor of all the humans we started with, i.e. Mitochondrial Eve.Intelligent design] The smaller a population, the more quickly matrilineal lineages converge. '''Mitochondrial DNA''' We know about Eve because of mitochondria organelles that are only passed from mother to offspring. Each mitochondrion contains Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA), and the comparison of DNA sequences from MtDNA reveals a molecular phylogeny. Because of recombination, genes in nuclear DNA become mixed and therefore we can be is statistically less certain about their origins. Mutations that reveal, and thus diversity is magnified in mitochondrial DNA* [http://en. Population bottlenecks are particularly magnified (Wilson et al 1985)wikipedia. As mitochondria are inherited matrilineally, Yorg/wiki/Evolution Wikipedia -chromosomes are inherited patrilineally. Thus it is possible to apply the same principles outlined above to men. The common patrilineal ancestor of all humans alive today has been dubbed Y-chromosomal Adam. Importantly, he was not alive at the same time as Mitochondrial Eve but much more recently, and certainly was not her husband.Evolution] '''Academic investigation''' Allan Wilson, Rebecca Cann, Steven Carr, M. George Jr., U. B. Gyllensten, K* [http://creationwiki. Helmorg/Creation_science CreationWiki -Bychowski, R. G. Higuchi, Stephen Palumbi, E. M. Prager, R. D. Sage, and Mark Stoneking laid out the theoretical background for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA in 1985 paper. Cann, Wilson and Stoneking then proposed the concept of Mitochondrial Eve in a 1987 paper in Nature. Cann et al used restriction mapping on 147 persons from five separate populations to derive their data. Gradually mitochondrial DNA sequence data from more people around the world were collected, giving a better picture.Creation science] '''Eve and the Out-of-Africa theory''' Mitochondrial Eve is sometimes referred to as African Eve, an ancestor who has been hypothesized on the grounds of fossil as well as DNA evidence. According to the most common interpretation of the mitochondrial DNA data, the titles belong to the same hypothetical woman. Family trees (or "phylogenies") constructed on the basis of mitochondrial DNA comparisons show that the living humans whose mitochondrial lineages branched earliest from the tree are indigenous Africans, whereas the lineages of indigenous peoples on other continents all branch off from African lines. Researchers therefore reason that all living humans descend from Africans, some of whom migrated out of Africa to populate the rest of the world. If the mitochondrial analysis is correct, then because mitochondrial Eve represents the root of the mitochondrial family tree, she must have predated the exodus and lived in Africa. Therefore many researchers take the mitochondrial evidence as support for the "single-origin" or Out-of-Africa model. The construction of family trees from DNA data is an inexact science, however* [http://creationwiki. Critics of the "African genesis" model argue that the mitochondrial evidence can be explained as well or better by trees that associate Eve most closely to the indigenous peoples of Asia. As of 2003, however, following advances in computing power and in methods of tree determination, these criticisms have diminished. In any event, the strongest support that mitochondrial DNA offers for the Africanorg/Intelligent_design CreationWiki -origin hypothesis may not depend on trees. One finding not subject to interpretation is that the greatest diversity of mitochondrial DNA sequences exists among Africans. This diversity would not have accumulated, researchers argue, if humans had not been living longer in Africa than anywhere else. Analysis of Y chromosome sequences have corroborated the evidence that mitochondrial DNA has provided for an African origin for hominids.Intelligent design] '''In popular culture''' Bryan Sykes has written a popular science book entitled The Seven Daughters of Eve. The Discovery Channel has produced a documentary entitled The Real Eve* [http://creationwiki. '''Y chromosome Adam''' In human genetics, Yorg/Evolution CreationWiki -chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the male counterpart to mitochondrial Eve: the last male ancestor from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. Unlike other genes, those of the Y chromosome are passed exclusively from father to sons, just as mitochondrial DNA is passed to all children only by their mothers.Evolution]

The Y===Young-chromosomal Adam is the last male ancestor of all humans, tracing only through the male line, through fathers, paternal grandfathers, etcearth creationism===*[http://www. answersingenesis.org Answers in Genesis]*[http://creationontheweb.com/ Creation Ministries International]*[http://www.icr.org/ Institute for Creation Research]

Y===Old-chromosomal Adam hypothetically is not the same individual at all points in human historyearth creationism===*[http://www. The last male-line-only ancestor of humans alive today is hypothetically different from the one for humans alive a thousand years in the future: as male lines die out, a more recent individual, the Y-mrca of a subtree of the preceding Y-Adam, becomes the new Y-Adamreasons.org/ Reasons to Believe]

The Y-chromosomal Adam for living humans probably lived between 60,000 and 90,000 years ago, judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies===Progressive creationism===*[http://www. While their descendants certainly became close intimates, Y-chromosomal Adam and mitochondrial Eve are separated by thousands of generationsgodandscience. They are named after the "Adam" and "Eve" in Genesis as a metaphor only, and are not considered to be the first humansorg/youngearth/progressive. There would have been many others alive at the same timehtml Progressive Creation: An Overview] GodAndScience.org

Based on DNA analysis as of 2002, both Y-chromosomal Adam and mitochondrial Eve are believed to have lived in Africa, though approximately 85,000 years apart===Theistic evolution===*[http://www. This is part of the Out-oftheistic-Africa theory of human evolution.com/ Theistic Evolution]

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