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==Etymology=={{wiktionarypar|masturbation}}The [[Pope]] word '''masturbation''' is the head of [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]. In addition believed to this spiritual role, the Pope is also head of derive from either the independent, sovereign [[Vatican CityGreek language|State of the Vatican CityGreek]], a city-state entirely surrounded by the city of Rome. Prior to 1870, the Popeword ''mezea'' (''μεζεα''s temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], a territory formally known as the "Patrimony of St Peterpenes" under the terms of ) or the [[Donation of ConstantineLatin]], but more familiar as ''manus'' ("hand") and the [[Papal States]]Latin ''turbare'' ("to disturb"). <ref>{{cite book |last = Dally |first = Peter |title = The office of the Pope is informally called the Fantasy Factor |year = 1975 |pages = 135 |publisher = George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited |ISBN = 0-297-76945-6}}</ref> A competing [[Papacyetymology]] and formally called the Pontificate; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called based on the [[Holy SeeLatin]] (''Sancta Sedesmanu stuprare''("to defile with the hand"). Catholics worldwide consider each pope to be is said by the [[JesusOxford English Dictionary]]to be an "old conjecture"<ref>OED, s.v. ''masturbation'' representative on [[Earth]]. The current Pope is Benedict XVI</ref>.
Some people get [[sexual pleasure]] by [[urethral play|inserting objects into the urethra]] (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows).<ref name="Alice05">{{cite web |last =|first =Word origins"Alice" |title =Go ask Alice!: Cock-stuffing |publisher =Columbia University, New York |date =2005-02-18 |url = http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/3516.html |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref> If these objects are [[Urethral sounding|urethral sounds]], the practice is known as "sounding".<ref name="BME06">{{cite web |last = Various authors |first = |title = Urethral Sound |publisher = Body Modification Ezine |date = 2006-04-21 |url = http://wiki.bmezine.com/index.php/Urethral_Sound |format = html/wiki |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref> Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury and/or infection.<ref name="JAAPA06">{{cite web |last = McPartlin |first = Daniel |coauthors = Adam P. Klausner, MD; Tristan T. Berry, MD |title = Case report: A foreign body in the urethra |publisher = Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants |date = 2005-09-09 |url = http://jaapa.com/issues/j20050901/articles/urethral0905.htm |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref> Some people masturbate by using [[automated erotic stimulation device|machines]] that simulate intercourse.
===Office Female ===Female masturbation techniques include a woman stroking or rubbing her [[vulva]], especially her [[clitoris]], with her [[index finger|index]] and nature/or [[middle finger]]s. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to repeatedly stroke its frontal wall where the [[Gräfenberg spot|g-spot]] is located.<ref name="Keesling99">{{cite web |last =Keesling |first =Barbara |title = Beyond Orgasmatron |publisher = Psychology Today |date = November/December 99 (Last Reviewed: 30 August 2004) |url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=pto-19991101-000038&page=2 |format = html |accessdate = 2006-07-29}}</ref>Masturbation aids such as a [[Vibrator (sensual)|vibrator]], [[dildo]] or [[Ben Wa balls]] can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris. Many women caress their breasts or stimulate a [[nipple]] with the free hand, if these are receptive areas for sexual stimulation. Anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some. [[Personal lubricant|Lubrication]] is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when [[Sexual penetration|penetration]] is involved, but this is not universal and many women find their [[Vaginal lubrication|natural lubrication]] sufficient.
The powers of the Pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that "he [[prostate]] gland is the supreme judge one of the faithful, and organs that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had contributes fluid to his judgement" and that "the sentence of [[semen]]. As the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) prostate is not subject to revision by anyonetouch-sensitive, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon" (cansome directly stimulate it using a well-lubricated finger or [[dildo]] inserted through the [[anus]] into the [[rectum]]. 331 defines the power of Stimulating the Pope as "supreme, fullprostate from outside, immediate and universal ordinary power in via pressure on the Church[[perineum]], and he can always freely exercise this power")be pleasurable as well. It Some men, also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of Papal infallibilityenjoy [[anal sex|anal]] stimulation, with fingers or otherwise, scwithout any prostate stimulation. such that
==Masturbation frequency, age and sex ==DeathFrequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., one's resistance to [[sexual tension]], [[hormone]] levels influencing [[sexual arousal]], sexual habits, peer influences, health and one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture.<ref> E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the latter. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7396686&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum]</ref> Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.<ref>"Bladder calculus presenting as excessive masturbation." ''Ceylon Med. J.'' 2006 Sept., 51(3):121-2.</ref><ref>"Excessive masturbation after epilepsy surgery." ''Epilepsy Behav.'' 2004 Feb., 5(1):133-6.</ref><ref>"Severe impulsiveness as the primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a young female." ''Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.'' 2005 Dec., 59(6):739-42.</ref>
A 2004 survey by [[Toronto]] magazine [[NOW (magazine)|''NOW'']] was answered by an unspecified number of thousands.<ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/minisites/loveandsex/2004/s_survey_results.php NOW's Love and Sex Guide 2004]</ref> The body then lies in state for a number results show that an overwhelming majority of days before being interred in the crypt males – 81% – began masturbating between the ages of 10 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a leading church or cathedral; more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to ''self-[[selection bias]]''.) It is not uncommon however to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the Popes time they turned 10, and 6% already by the time they turned 6. Being the main outlet of the Twentieth century have all [[child sexuality]], masturbation has been interred observed in Stvery young children. PeterIn the book ''Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America''s Basilica, but it is expected that by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the reigning Popeauthors point out, Pope John Paul II, will be interred "A baby boy may laugh in his native Poland. A nine-day period of mourning crib while playing with his erect penis (novem dialisalthough he does not ejaculate) follows after the interment of the late Pope. Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience [[orgasm]]."
==Evolutionary utility ==Election====Masturbation may increase fertility during intercourse.
In males, masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The Second Council next ejaculate then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher chances of Lyons was convened on May 7, 1274achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male has intercourse with a female, to regulate the election of sperm with the Popehighest motility will [[Sperm competition|compete]] more effectively. This Council decreed that <ref>{{cite paper |author = Thomsen, Ruth |title = Sperm Competition and the cardinal electors must meet within ten days Function of the Pope's death, and that they must remain Masturbation in seclusion until a Pope has been elected; this was prompted by the threeJapanese Macaques |publisher = Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |date=October 2000 |url = http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00000105/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Baker |first = Robin R. |coauthors = Bellis, Mark A. |year Sede Vacante following = 1993 |month = Nov |title = Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the death function of Pope Clement IV in 1268masturbation. By the mid-Sixteenth century|journal = Animal Behaviour |volume = 46 |issue = 5 |pages = p861, the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form25p |url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3768815}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Shackelford |first = Todd K. |coauthors = Goetz, allowing for alteration Aaron T. |year = 2007 |month = Feb |title = Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans. |journal = Current Directions in the time between the death of the Pope and the meeting of the cardinal electorsPsychological Science |volume = 16 |issue = 1 |pages = p47-50 |url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x}}</ref>
=== Insertion ===
Objects inserted into the vagina, anus/rectum or urethra should be clean and of a kind that will not scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus – any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise retrieval can require medical intervention. Modern [[dildo]]s and [[Butt plug|anal plugs]] are designed with this feature.
===Objections to the PapacyPregnancy ===Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see ''[[Non-penetrative sex#Mutual masturbation|mutual masturbation]]'') can result in pregnancy only if [[semen]] contacts the [[vulva]]. Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.
Male masturbation became an even more important image in [[ancient Egypt]]: when performed by a god it could be considered a creative or magical act: the god [[Atum]] was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation, and the ebb and flow of the [[Nile]] was attributed to the frequency of his ejaculations. Egyptian [[pharoahs]], in response to this, were at one time required to masturbate ceremonially into the Nile.<ref> Johnathan Margolis, "O: The intimate history of the orgasm", 2003. p134</ref> The ancient [[Greeks]] had a more relaxed attitude toward masturbation than the Egyptians did, regarding the act as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure. They considered it a safety valve against destructive sexual frustration. The Greeks also dealt with female masturbation in both their art and writings. One common term used for it was ''anaphlan,'' which roughly translates as "up-fire". [[Diogenes of Sinope|Diogenes]], speaking in jest, credited the god [[Hermes]] with its invention: he allegedly took pity on his son [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]], who was pining for [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] but unable to seduce her, and taught him the trick of masturbation in order to relieve his suffering. Pan in his turn taught the habit to young shepherds.<ref>Dio Crysostom, ''Discourses,'' iv.20</ref> === Religious views ==={{main|Religious views on masturbation}}:''Also see [[Sexuality and religion|Sexuality and Religion]] for broad coverage of this topic''Religions vary broadly in their views of masturbation, from completely impermissible<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm#2352|title = Catechism of the Catholic Church|accessdate = 2007-10-08|quote = Both the Magisterium of the Church, in the course of a constant tradition, and the moral sense of the faithful have been in no doubt and have firmly maintained that masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action.}}</ref> to encouraged as a way to achieve greater spirituality (see, for example [[Tantric sexuality]] and [[Taoist sexual practices]]). In the modern [[St. Priapus Church]], group male masturbation is a form of worship.<ref>Wayne Dynes (ed., 1990). ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' (New York: Garland) p. 779.</ref> === Philosophical arguments ===[[Immanuel Kant]] regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In the ''[[Metaphysics of Morals]]'' (1797) he made the ''[[a posteriori]]'' argument that 'such an unnatural use of one's sexual attributes' strikes 'everyone upon his thinking of it' as 'a violation of one's duty to himself', and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of [[suicide]]). He went on, however, to acknowledge that 'it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use', but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that 'a man gives up his personality … when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive'. Subsequent critics of masturbation tended to argue against it on more physiological grounds, however (see [[Masturbation#Medical attitudes|medical attitudes]]). === Medical attitudes ==={{Refimprovesect|date=March 2008}}The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation appears to be ''Onania'', an anonymous pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716. It drew on familiar themes of sin and vice, this time in particular against the "heinous sin" of "self-pollution". After dire warnings that those who so indulged would suffer [[impotence]], [[gonorrhea]], [[epilepsy]] and a wasting of the faculties (included were letters and testimonials supposedly from young men ill and dying from the effects of compulsive masturbation) the pamphlet then goes on to recommend as an effective remedy a "Strengthening Tincture" at 10 shillings a bottle and a "Prolific Powder" at 12 shillings a bag, available from a local shop.[[Image:Sexpatent01-excerpt.png|thumb|left|A [[patented]] device designed to prevent masturbation by inflicting electric shocks upon the perpetrator, by ringing an alarm bell, and through spikes at the inner edge of the tube into which the penis is inserted. The entire patent document: [[Media:Sexpatent01.png|Page 1]], [[Media:Sexpatent02.png|2]], [[Media:Sexpatent03.png|3]], [[Media:Sexpatent04.png|4]].]] One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in ''Onania'' was the notable Swiss physician [[Samuel-Auguste Tissot]]. In 1760, he published ''L'Onanisme'', his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Citing case studies of young male masturbators amongst his patients in [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]] as basis for his reasoning, Tissot argued that semen was an "essential oil" and "stimulus" that, when lost from the body in great amounts, would cause "a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason; blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, all types of [[gout]] and [[rheumatism]], weakening of the organs of generation, blood in the urine, disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders." Though Tissot's ideas are now considered [[hypothesis|conjectural]] at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent. The authority with which the work was subsequently treated – Tissot's arguments were even acknowledged and echoed by luminaries such as [[Kant]] and [[Voltaire]] – arguably turned the perception of masturbation in Western medicine over the next two centuries into that of a debilitating illness. This continued well into the [[Victorian Era]], where such medical censure of masturbation was in line with the widespread social [[conservatism]] and opposition to open sexual behavior common at the time.<ref>[http://www.noharmm.org/paige.htm The Ritual of Circumcision]</ref><ref>Stengers, Jean; van Neck, Anne. ''Masturbation: the history of a great terror''. New York: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 0-312-22443-5.</ref> There were recommendations to have boys' pants constructed so that the genitals could not be touched through the pockets, for schoolchildren to be seated at special desks to prevent their crossing their legs in class and for girls to be forbidden from riding horses and bicycles because the sensations these activities produce were considered too similar to masturbation. Boys and young men who nevertheless continued to indulge in the practice were branded as "weak-minded."<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/Sexpatent02.png Surgical Appliance]</ref> Many "remedies" were devised, including eating a bland, meatless diet. This approach was promoted by [[John Harvey Kellogg|Dr. John Harvey Kellogg]] (inventor of [[corn flakes]]) and [[Sylvester Graham|Rev. Sylvester Graham]] (inventor of [[Graham cracker]]s). The medical literature of the times describes procedures for electric shock treatment, [[infibulation]], restraining devices like [[chastity belt]]s and [[straitjacket]]s, [[cauterization]] or – as a last resort – wholesale [[Excision|surgical excision]] of the genitals. Routine neonatal [[circumcision]] was widely adopted in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] at least partly because of its believed preventive effect against masturbation (see also [[History of male circumcision#Male circumcision to prevent masturbation|History of male circumcision]]). In later decades, the more drastic of these measures were increasingly replaced with psychological techniques, such as warnings that masturbation led to blindness, hairy hands or stunted growth. Some of these persist as myths even today.[[Image:Chastity belt Heyser 0.png|thumb|Image of a [[chastity belt]] from a patent document. For entire document, see: [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 1.png|Page 1]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 2.png|2]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 3.png|3]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 4.png|4]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 5.png|5]], [[:Image:Chastity belt Heyser 6.png|6]]]] At the same time, the supposed medical condition of [[hysteria]]—from the Greek ''hystera'' or uterus—was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women. Techniques included use of the earliest vibrators and rubbing the genitals with placebo creams.<ref name=Maines>{{cite book|id=ISBN 0-8018-6646-4|title=The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria", the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction|author=Rachel P. Maines|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press | location=Baltimore|year=1999}}</ref> Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change at the beginning of the 20th century when [[H. Havelock Ellis]], in his seminal 1897 work ''Studies in the Psychology of Sex'', questioned Tissot's premises, cheerfully named famous men of the era who masturbated and then set out to disprove (with the work of more recent physicians) each of the claimed diseases of which masturbation was purportedly the cause. "We reach the conclusion", he wrote, "that in the case of moderate masturbation in healthy, well-born individuals, no seriously pernicious results necessarily follow." [[Robert Baden-Powell]], the founder of [[The Scout Association]], incorporated a passage in the 1914 edition of ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' warning against the dangers of masturbation. This passage stated that the individual should run away from the temptation by performing physical activity which was supposed to tire the individual so that masturbation could not be performed. By 1930, however, Dr. [[F. W. W. Griffin]], editor of ''The Scouter,'' had written in a book for Rover Scouts that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing [[H. Havelock Ellis|Ellis]]' work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error." The works of Sexologist [[Alfred Kinsey]] during the 1940s and 1950s insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females, citing the results of Gallup Poll surveys indicating how common it was in the United States. Some critics of this theory held that his research was biased and that the Gallup Poll method was redundant for defining "natural behavior". In 1994, when the [[Surgeon General of the United States]], Dr. [[Joycelyn Elders]], mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school [[curriculum|curricula]] that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was forced to resign,<ref>[http://www.jackinworld.com/library/articles/elders.html JackinLibrary: Joycelyn Elders]</ref> with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of ''how'' to masturbate. Many believe this was the result of her long history of promoting controversial viewpoints and not due solely to her public mention of masturbation. === Law ===The legal status of masturbation throughout history has varied from virtually unlimited acceptance to complete illegality. In a 1640s law code for the [[Puritan]] colony of [[New Haven, Connecticut]] in the 17th century "[[blasphemy|blasphemers]], [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] and masturbators" were eligible for the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]].<ref>{{returntocite book | last = James | first = Lawrence | authorlink = Lawrence James | title = The Rise and Fall of the British Empire | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin |date=[[September 15]], [[1997]] | pages = 41 | isbn = 978-0312169855 }}The context is a discussion of the social habits of the early North American colonists.</ref> === Masturbate-a-thon ==={{main | Masturbate-a-thon} }[[Image:CSC Herme Masturbate-a-Thon Logo Original for Wiki.jpg|thumb|right]]Masturbate-a-thons are public, charity events that are "intended to encourage people to explore safer sex, talk about masturbation and lift the taboos that still surround the subject."<ref name="Masturbate-a-thon.co.uk">{{cite web | title = Masturbate-a-thon website | publisher = Masturbate-a-thon | date = 2006-08-04 | url = http://www.masturbate-a-thon.co.uk/ | format = html | accessdate = 2006-08-06}}</ref> May is considered "Masturbation Month" by sex-positive organizations and activists, including [[Betty Dodson]], [[Joani Blank]], [[Susan Block]], [[Kyla Zellers]], [[Carol Queen]], and [[Gary Francis Fanning Jr.]]. == Euphemisms ==A large variety of [[euphemism]]s and [[dysphemism]]s exist which describe masturbation. For a complete list of terms, see the entry for ''[[wikt:Wikisaurus:masturbate|masturbate]]'' in [[Wiktionary|Wikisaurus]]. == Masturbation in media =====Paintings and drawings===[[Image:Klimt Mulher sentada.jpg|thumb|A Young Woman Masturbating, depicted by [[Gustav Klimt]]]] There are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric [[rock painting]]s around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human sexuality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of [[Malta]], depicts a woman masturbating. However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common. ===Film=== <!-- Please expand this section, but do not attempt to compile a list of every masturbation scene ever filmed. Any unsourced content will be removed. -->A number of films feature masturbation scenes. ===Music===In popular music, there are a handful of songs that deal with the issue of masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are "[[My Ding-a-Ling]]" by [[Chuck Berry]] and "[[Pictures of Lily]]" by [[The Who]].<ref>"''Merely a ditty about masturbation and the importance of it to a young man. I was really diggin' at my folks who, when catching me at it, would talk in loud voices in the corridor outside my room. "Why can't he go with girls like other boys?''" Quote by [[Pete Townshend]]</ref> Some of the more recent popular songs are "[[Turning Japanese]]" by [[The Vapors]], a reference to the Oriental facial features people get at the moment of climax and "[[She Bop]]" by [[Cyndi Lauper]] which was so obviously about masturbation that it was required to have a [[parental advisory]] sticker. In an interview Lauper admitted recording the song naked. "[[I Touch Myself]]" by [[Divinyls]] is a celebration of female masturbation. "[[Roman CatholicismTouch of My Hand]]" by [[Britney Spears]] is also about how female masturbation is normal. The song [[Orgasm Addict]] by The [[Buzzcocks]] also features lyrics centered around the theme of masturbation. Another song, [[Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too]] By [[Say Anything]] has a chorus that repeats the lines "She Touched Herself". The song [[Masturbation]] by rock group [[Mindless Self Indulgence]] also deals with the concept of auto-erotic activity in a [[Punk subculture|punk]] framework.===Literature=== In October 1972, an important censorship case was held in Australia, leading to the banning of [[Philip Roth]]'s novel ''[[Portnoy's Complaint]]'' in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the time. <ref>[http://www.crikey.com.au/Politics/20060829-Censorship-and-Don-Chipp.html Crikey - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Masturbation in other animal species =={{main | Animal sexuality#Autoeroticism (masturbation)}}Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes.<ref name="Bagemihl,1999"/>