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[[Charles Darwin]], while not an atheist, by his theories allowed an explanation of the diversity of life that did not require that life had been created in a single event by a deity. His theory, however, did not rule out the existence of God or the basic tenets of Christian beliefs, so that many Christians accept the main thrust of evolutionary theory, and in addition accept that the universe is billions of years old, rather than thousands as a literal reading of [[Genesis]] suggests.
The [[Big Bang Theory]] is a similar story to the theory of evolution. The proposer of the Big Bang Theory was even more religious than Darwin, being a [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Priest]]. Despite neither of these thinkers being Atheists, their theories are commonly used to refute Christianity by modern atheists in Western countries (since many have accepted the [[New Earth Theory]] as reality).
Karl Marx was an atheist himself and took up a skeptical position about religion in his writings. Marxism itself has little to say about religion, being a secular, materialistic philosophy, but Communist states have taken up a hostile position to all religions, though have not succeeded in eradicating religious belief. Poland and Russia retained a high proportion of churchgoers throughout decades of Communist rule.
